Writing an Outline for a Research Paper

Writing an Outline for a Research Paper An outline is a plan of how you will arrange ideas in the most effective way possible. Information needs to be organized and must flow logically for readers to understand the point of your research paper. Many students skip outlining because they trust their ability to construct a strong body of work without one. This is rarely true for first-time writers or even experienced writers. The advantages of preparing an outline before writing include: You classify information beforehand; Consequently, you focus on expressing your ideas and using the right grammar and structures when you write the actual paper. Outlining saves time. You do the hard work of finalizing main points and supporting data and facts. All you need to do afterward is write it coherently. An outline reveals irrelevant or weak material. When you view the full plan and how ideas flow and complement each other, unnecessary points are clear to spot. Outlining allows you to select the most relevant sources and incorporate them in a way that strengthens your points. For these reasons, it is one of the most important steps in academic writing a good research paper. Some would argue it is the most important step. How to Construct an Outline Your outline is not set in stone. You can go back and change sections if you find new information or discover how to make better research. However, the elements of an outline are standard, and they separate the blueprint into an introduction, body paragraphs or sections, and a conclusion. Sections can be divided using headings and subheadings. Outline Content Your outline contains the main points of your research. These main points are the core of your paper, and outlining them puts everything in perspective. Change ideas if you notice the outline is not coherent or a particular section offers weak support. These characteristics ensure your outline gives a clear impression of the message you deliver to readers: Headings should match in terms of significance. For instance, all main headings should be the vital points that support your topic. Main headings should be a general theme of discussion. Subheadings are usually longer than main headings. They contain specific information to explore and expand on the general main headings. The grammatical structures of each level should match. For example, if one main heading is a noun (Communication in our example above,) then every other main heading should be a noun. The same applies to subheadings. This way, the focus of a paragraph is clear, and it prepares you for writing. Here are some examples of outlines with different levels. Your instructor could ask you to submit your outline with your paper. They may request a specific outline style too, such as MLA format. This requires attention to line spacings, tabs, margins, and other formatting issues.

successful marriages essays

successful marriages essays For any marriage to be successful there are certain changes a man and woman have to make. They have to be flexible and open and ready for new experiences and ways of living. Marriages can be successful or unsuccessful based on many different aspects of it. Four important concepts that are definitely part of the whole marriage life are: children, conflict resolution, outside influences, and communication. Children may be the biggest change to a married couple. From going from just the two people, doing whatever they want, whenever they want, to staying home and taking on the responsibilities of taking care of children is a big step. Gone is the freedom of leaving at the spur of the moment to catch that new movie that just came out, eating what they want, when they want, buying whatever they want, and sleeping in until noon. The average number of children for parents completing my survey was two. Everyone knows that raising children is very stressful, but because of the different ages of the parents, and the children, I could not get facts on which years were the toughest. Most parents whose kids are well into their 20s or so, say that the most stressful years for them were the teenage years. Children that are toddlers are said to be less stressful then when they were infants. It varies for everyone, and from my surveys I got no facts, just opinions. Children are a big responsibility and cause a lot of stress for parents. Out of 30 people, 96% say that their children have been a cause for an argument at least one time throughout their marriage. This could occur for many reasons; one being that it is very expensive to raise children and parents would have to agree on what is necessary for their children to have or things that are just nice to have. They must agree to what their priorities are a nd each partner would have to adjust. Also parents might feel differently about ways of disciplining their children, wh...

Planning for the East Coast Banks Future Term Paper

Planning for the East Coast Banks Future - Term Paper Example Where the teller/customers agents recorded a33% turn over whereas the assistant managers recorded the lowest turnover of 17%. This holds an indication that, the customer teller agents level, has got the highest percentage of employees leaving the bank and hence, signifying a labor shortage at the teller/customer agent level. Whereas, the assistant manager’s level indicated a 17% turnover, which implied that the employees at the level of assistant managers hardly left the bank, indicating a surplus in this positions (Ivancevich, 2006). I would embark on the Recruitment strategies as one of the techniques to curb the labor shortages in the East Coast Bank. It involves the process of attracting, screening and also selecting the competent individuals for the positions experiencing shortages within an organization. Recruitment is one of the key activities carried out by management in the attempt to secure an efficient workforce. Apart from curbing employee shortage, recruitment enables the top management to identify the potentiality of the labor market (Riley, 2012). Employee retention is another strategy that I would embark on to curb labor shortages. The hiring of employees constitutes only the first step. But creating awareness on the significance of employee’s retention is extremely essential. Costs that are linked to employees turnover include losing of customers together with damaged employee morale. Retention of the employees is thus, the ability of an organization to both attract and ensure retention of their workforce. A retention practice ensures a diverse workforce, where obstacles are eliminated, allowing workers to have a full participation at their places of work. This results in employee’s commitment and high productivity levels.

Lesson plan on critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lesson plan on critique - Assignment Example Moreover, the activities listed in the lesson plan maximize the engagement of the students and assess the mastery of objectives by the students â€Å"Students are provided this time to begin reading the text and prepare questions†. Variety of activities that are in the lesson plan are all addressed to different styles of learning as well as providing enough time for the instructions â€Å"Students will watch this short five-minute extract from a documentary†. The lesson plan provides a clear evidence of insufficient, minimum information to the students and planning that is poor. To start with, the lesson plan lacks activities that are appropriate to reach the objectives concerning the lessons actual content. The lesson plan also has failed to provide enough time for learning to give more time for instruction versus the student’s independent learning and practice. There are insufficient ways of student’s assessment of the mastery of the objectives, and there are no questions listed that the teacher can use to elicit the attention and test the understanding of the students. The references and the sources of information’s are not listed adequately. The students assessment should be immediate and not done come the following day as outlined in the lesson

Choose one topic from list Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Choose one topic from list - Essay Example In particular, small businesses in the European Union are characterised with a headcount of only 10-49 employees. Their earnings or balance sheet ranges from â‚ ¬10 million to â‚ ¬49 million. (Europa 2003) On the other hand, in the United States (US), the standards for small businesses set by the Small Business Administration Size Standards Office are rendered more specific. In terms of employment size, small businesses in the mining and manufacturing industries employ less than 500 workers, while those in the wholesale trade industry hire not more than 100 employees. Small enterprises for most retail and services industries in the US post annual receipt of about $6 million. (Small Business Administration 2002) Given the above characteristics, it can be seen that similarities of small businesses generally lie in the small employment size and low volume of sales per year. Small businesses also have limited amount of assets. As such, their capitalisation requirements are not as great and demanding as the financing required by large businesses. Financing for all types of businesses come in several forms. However, sources of funding are classified as either debt or equity. Utilisation of these primary funding sources depends upon the amount of capital required, nature of proposed investment and other terms that materially impact the financial position of businesses. Companies often used debt and equity in combination that would result in the maximisation of the value of the businesses. In order to raise the immediate financing need, owners of small businesses may opt to borrow funds from various sources. The main sources for debt financing include banks and other financial institutions (Lister & Harnish 1995). To defray the day-to-day expenses of their business, small business owners may consider availing of demand loan or utilising lines of credit. Demand loans usually have floating interest rate and are repaid within the year

Relationship Between Stress and Parenting Quality

Relationship Between Stress and Parenting Quality Coping as a Moderator Between Parents’ Stress and Parenting Quality Elizabeth K. Wilson Previous literature has shown that the quality of parenting is vulnerable to stressors such as daily hassles, financial hardship, and work-related stress, to name a few (Leinonen et al., 2002). Longer workdays for parents have been shown to create stress and decrease family interaction time (Lerner Galambos, 1991). Fathers’ work stress translates into negative feelings and more disciplinary parenting (Galambos et al., 1995) while mothers’ work stress causes them to withdraw from their children (Repetti Wood, 1997). Both parents have less closeness and are accepting of children when affected by stress (Galambos et al., 1995). Parents who are forced to work longer hours or multiple jobs because of financial situations face even more added stress. When experiencing financial hardship, parents make adjustments to living such as canceling family trips or postponing important family purchases, which makes them feel like a failure at providing for their family and creates wo rry (Conger Elder, 1994). This reflects on their parenting skills in the form of more hostile, punitive parenting behavior (Conger et al., 1992). There has been evidence of more disruptive family functioning when parents report having more daily difficulties (Repetti Wood, 1997). According to the Family Systems Perspective, matters at the individual level, such as parenting behavior or the impact of stress, fully understood only by considering the larger network of interdependent relationships within the family (Minuchin, 1985). The spillover hypothesis posits that behavior and affect of the same valence transfer directly from one situation or relationship within the family to another, such that negative interactions in one situation spillover as negative interactions in another (Nelson et al., 2009). Marital distress is related to disruptions in parenting and quality of parent-child relationship – both mothers and fathers were more likely to engage in hostile rather than authoritative parenting when under stress in the marriage (Conger Elder, 1994; Conger et al., 1992). Stress on parents in the workplace, in their relationships, and even inconveniences throughout the day will undoubtedly spillover into other aspects of their lives, especially parenting, but how do coping strategies modify this effect differentially for mothers and fathers? Coping is an attempt to alter our circumstances, or the way we perceive them, to make them seem more favorable so that we are able to make it through the situation with a more positive outlook (Lazarus, 1993). Coping is a resource that has been shown to buffer the negative effects of a stressful event (Gayman et al., 2014). Using active coping strategies, which involve facing the problem head-on, is thought to be a more adaptive way of dealing with stress, while avoidance coping is less adaptive. Emotion-focused coping is a type of coping that could be classified as active coping if one is changing his or her appraisal of a situation to a positive appraisal. This type of coping is seen more commonly in women than in men (Holohan Moos, 1987). Social withdrawal has been regarded as a type of coping mechanism in response to short-term stress. Social withdrawal could be something as simple as watching television and avoiding interactions with family members. Fathers have been shown to physically position themselves away from family members after a hard day at work. This type of coping mechanism is not recognizable as a type of coping strategy by the person using it, so it may not show up in self-report measures, but has been shown in previous studies that observed family interactions (Campos et al., 2009). Two main types of coping are approach and avoidant coping, also known as active and passive coping. Approach coping strategies are an attempt to alter or decrease the stressor and engage and control the stressful situation, whereas avoidant coping strategies are an attempt to avoid the stressor by emotionally and sometimes physically disengaging from the problem. Avoidant coping strategies can be manifested in the form of actually leaving the stressful situation or emotionally denying the situation and sometimes â€Å"emotionally escaping† the situation by distracting the mind with a television show or abusing substances (Shin et al., 2014). We posit that parents who utilize active, approach coping strategies will have less negative interactions with their children after a stressful event because of the buffer that this positive coping strategy provides. These parents will face their problems head-on and will be better able to separate these stressful events from a stressful event involving their children. On the other hand, parents who utilize passive, avoidant coping strategies will not have this buffer between stressful events and the interactions with their children. The negative coping strategy will actually perpetuate the spillover of stress onto parent-child interactions. Parents who use avoidant strategies, such as social withdrawal, do not deal with their stressors appropriately and instead avoid them. This negatively affects later interactions with their children because they still have stress built up that they have not dealt with. This stress â€Å"spills over† into their ability to parent effectively and positively. The ability to cope with stress and subsequently provide good quality parenting leads to positive outcomes for children. Parenting quality has important implications for children’s school involvement and language development. Parents who utilize avoidant coping strategies or social withdrawal coping strategies do not use the time they have to give quality parenting to their children, such as reading with them or getting involved in school activities. Instead, they psychically isolate themselves from the family, using what little time they have to be alone (Katz, 2002). As mentioned previously, when faced with stressors, parents tend to use more hostile than authoritative parenting, and more coercive than constructive parenting (Conger Elder, 1994; Conger et al., 1992), which could have serious implications for the child’s wellbeing. Hostile and aggressive parenting practices have been associated with attention and hyperactivity problems, conduct and aggression problems, and less prosocial behavior in children. On the other hand, constructive parenting has been associated with improved adjustment and lower level of antisocial behavior in children (Hadzic et al., 2013). The current study will examine the relationship between parents’ stress and parenting quality and the possible role of coping strategies as a moderator of this relationship. We hypothesize that coping will significantly moderate this link, with positive coping strategies buffering the negative effects of stress on parenting and negative coping strategies perpetuating these negative effects. The role of parent gender in coping strategies will also be examined. We expect that there will be significant gender differences, such that males will utilize more negative and avoidant strategies thus having a greater negative effect on their quality of parenting than females, whom we expect to utilize more positive and active coping strategies. If coping is shown to be a significant moderator of the relationship between stress and parenting quality, this finding could have serious clinical implications. Clinicians would benefit from focusing on improving coping strategies to help parents deal with stressors that spillover into parenting practices. Parents would benefit from utilizing positive rather than coping strategies.

An Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Poem, Because I Could Not Stop for Dea

In the poem â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† by Emily Dickinson refers to death as a gentlemen who unexpectedly visits Dickinson to take her on a journey â€Å"towards eternity† (I. 24). It is very ironic that she considers death as a gentleman, but as we all know it is the total opposite. On the second stanza they both start the slow and peaceful journey. â€Å"We slowly drove, he knew no haste† (I. 5). We can see the tranquility of the scene in which they are. Dickinson here understands the seriousness of the situation in which she is, and she forgets about everything. â€Å"And I put away my labor and my leisure too, For his civility† She describes her struggle in life with the word â€Å"labor†, the word â€Å"leisure† as her freedom (I.6) and deaths kindness as â€Å"civility† (I.8)Stanza number three narrates her story from her childhood as â€Å"children strove† (I.9) followed by â€Å"the fields of Grazing grain† (I.11) and ending with â€Å"the setting sun† (I.12) This stanza talks and explains about how we all go through our life stages. The fourth stanza demonstrates how uncertain she is about her life. O...

Top Down Leadership vs Bottom Up Leadership

Top down Leadership versus Bottom up Leadership Top down leadership has in many ways been the cultural gnome in terms of leadership styles for probably the longest time in history Likert termed it Exploitive authoritative. â€Å"In this style, the leader has a low concern for people and uses such methods as threats and other fear-based methods to achieve conformance. Communication is almost entirely downwards and the psychologically distant concerns of people are ignored. (Likert, 1969) Top down leadership has had a deep impact and so much intertwined with human culture that it is deemed to be simply the natural form of leadership. There are many other forms of leadership styles being nurtured so as to adapt with cultural changes and views on leadership roles, not to say they are any lesser but top down and bottom up were at both extremes of the leadership spectrum hence choosing to focus on the two. The structure of most organizations is based on an autocratic hierarchy that is based on the notion that the ‘workers’ need to be very closely supervised by those in ‘management’. In the distant past there may have been some truth to this assertion, however, in today’s world it is becoming increasingly spurious. Yet after a whole heap of culture change initiatives carried out in many organizations very little positive change has occurred. The reason is clear to see as the hierarchy is naturally committed to retaining the status quo between the roles of those called ‘bosses’ from those labeled the ‘workers’. (para11, Jaap, June 2011) Bottom-up leadership however â€Å"occurs when employees become innovative and questioning, making suggestions and pushing boundaries. â€Å"Thought leadership† is similar, although it is more about championing new ideas than managing people or helping a group achieve a goal. However, in b oth cases, the leadership can be directed upward, and it ends once senior managers accept the proposed ideas. † (Ki-Young & Mi-Jin 2008 summer p. 9) The concept of bottom up leadership requires a person to think outside of the box because it challenges mainstream beliefs and ideologies as regards to leadership roles. There is an oriental saying that states â€Å"cup would have to be poured out to allow room for more a filled†. Which implies putting aside of one’s wisdom so as to learn new material. Jaap characterization of a bottom up leader is that â€Å"An effective leader is considered to be someone who has the ability to share a compelling vision of a desirable outcome, create the environment in which a group of ndividuals work as a collaborative team focused on turning the vision into a reality. † (Par5 Jaap 2008) For most people the bottom up concept is relatively not applied as it really should due to the fact that people who are in leadership roles tend to have insecurities if more flexibility were to be offered to employees. The leaders deem that people would in actuality develop some form of negligence to those that are in position of authority. Take for instance the anti government protests that developed all across the Middle East, these protests are as a result of people who are frustrated by the top down leadership style being carried out by their leaders. Leadership as it was in these Arab nations was flowing only on a downstream when it came to the issue of communication, for the people’s concerns were being met by brutal force which included jail term and death in some cases to any person that seemed to offer an alternative to the top down leadership that was in place. The western world has a strong belief for equal rights for all and most importantly the right for all to live a fulfilled life and it is quite apparent as the Arabs began questioning for these same rights their leaders who had their heads buried under the sand were under the assumption that their usual scare tactics would quench the flames of revolution. However, these were not the usual times in Arab nations, the revolutionary flames burn on rampantly towards the leaders who have in all actuality failed to lead their nations due to the fact that they led as though they had eternity to rule, which was the greatest mistake to have done. They failed to observe the change in tide as the world around them continued to evolve, more and more people getting connected via internet. Social media had set up stage for people to voice their concerns as to what directions their leaders were getting them to travel, their lack of empathy and lost track of reality only looking for more ways and means to enlarge their bank accounts, assets and investments at the cost of people. Had the approach been taken on a bottom up approach the outcome would definitely have been different due to the fact they would have had empathy and understanding for a bottom up leader is as follows. The leader is part of the team and accepts that on occasions other members of the team may in fact take on the leadership role because they have the necessary capabilities to deal with particular situations more so than the nominated leader. The working environment is based on trust and respect for each other and the language is about our â€Å"leader, colleagues, team, accountability, achievement, success, and celebration† rather than â€Å"boss, staff, levels, roles, responsibility, remuneration, and appraisal†. There is a constant sharing of information between the team members and sincere dialogue about issues that may be contentious because colleagues have different perspectives and expectations. By transparently dialoguing these and all other issues the best solution is more likely to emerge because the team is able to make the tough call when necessary. They tend to avoid meetings and discussions based on consensus as they know from experience that this process tend to produce a solution driven by the lowest common denominator and frequently not what is needed by the organization. Par7 Jaap 2008) Not wanting to seem all too pessimistic towards top down leadership, there are certain areas such as the military organizations or police force where top down leadership is and strongly believe will continue to be employed in such areas to the unforeseeable future because the whole system is heavily based upon order. The military organizations in America are applaud able and should be exemplary for the rest of the world military to emulate, not to be deemed as a war fanatics’ but rather as an organization that understands what entails protecting its citizens. Leadership however is what directs them to war, peace, rescue missions etc for that is typical for those who are disciplined to follow top down leadership. â€Å"The whole system tends to absorb its people in focusing on rules and procedures designed to keep everyone in their appropriate place doing exactly what each tribe dictates its members should be doing. Most organizational language is about reinforcing the master/servant or parent/child relationship that appears to be an essential part of the military type of hierarchy â€Å"(par4 Jaap May 2008). Keeping this in mind we also have to understand that the discipline they have did not just appear out of nowhere, they had to undergo rigorous training in order to be transformed into a command structured person. Rivers stated in his research There is little question that one of the chief causes of the great prevalence of nervous disorders in the war is that vast numbers of men have been called upon to endure hardships and dangers of unprecedented severity with a quite insufficient training. There is equally little doubt that the special nature of the duties involved in trench warfare has taken a large part in determining the great frequency of neurosis. (Rivers 1920) An argument that a critic would say is that Rivers wrote the book almost a century back, technological advancements have been made in leaps and bounds to outweigh nervous disorders and the two to three month training period is very much sufficient. In the article The emotional effects of war T, Stan states â€Å"Some veterans of past wars have recovered from their traumatic experience with the right care, but what we need to ask ourselves is how we can protect them from mental trauma before they are even sent to fight, as opposed to treating their symptoms once the deep psychological damage has already been done. â€Å" (Stan. ) Unfortunately the fact of the matter remains to date that there are soldiers that suffer psychologically as a result of doing what their work requires, which is top down leadership at its raw definition. These military examples indicate that as much as human beings have made top down form of leadership a reality it can be extremely costly because war is not quite human nature otherwise there would not be reports of psychological issues as a result of following orders to the bitter end â€Å"The emotional effects of war on soldiers very often hinders their future achievements too as they find it impossible to imagine or plan. † (Stan. By majorly focusing on the psychological effects of extreme top down leadership one can deduce that as a result of exposing human natural emotions through such experiences has daunting and drastic effect that the individual would have to bear on a personal basis that even further affect the social aspect of life and family life. It takes training the human qualities to this image of a soldier to serve further implying how top down leadership does not quite just come naturally but is instilled on a person. The approach towards bottom up leadership simply put emphasis on doing what human beings do best which are being social creatures that we are. Human beings generally have more tendencies to show concern for just about anyone in distress disregarding all other factors such as race, nationality, etc. bottom up leadership works to build on the basis of establishing social relationship as its core foundations because people are really the most important asset any institution or organization could possibly have. Focusing on who people are as human beings develop empathy on the part of a leader and people tend to give more effort when they feel people actually do care and understand where they are coming from. â€Å"The emotional intelligent professional is a master of building relationships, which provide the foundation for developing the influence required to make things happen. To become a master yourself you must develop your emotional intelligence and learn. (Wall, 2008, p37) In life it has become apparent that common sense in most cases is not quite common for human beings have invested great time and effort towards scientific research as to how better efficient leadership could be achieved and the human factor was just but an element on the production line where efficiency of workers has and always been based on individual output with little or no attention to the needs of the laborer. For an organization to be firmly established to withstand the tides of change, greater emphasis should be made in the areas of relationship development as being the major component in the structural base. â€Å"As we facilitate organizational change efforts for client companies, we find it helpful to use a few nautical metaphors to remind them that they can’t control the winds or seas of change but they can adjust their sails† (Sipe & Frick 2009, p142). With the development of social media a much broader avenue has been made when it comes to unifying people bent on same beliefs and course of actions. The Middle East crisis is the emancipation of a top down form of governance at its wits end where fear tactics no longer played the factor, for people were united in common bond for social change as they deemed injustice was being played against their God given rights to freedom. The protesters dropped all they were doing, businesses, government; financial institutions and so on were all brought to a halt because the nation’s work force saw that it could no longer be business as usual when their leaders have no real concern for their needs. Now you may ask â€Å"what has this to do with culture change in organizations†. My response would be to say â€Å"quite a lot† as the reasons the various regimes fight to retain the status quo is a mirror image of what goes on in organizations. They may not use armed weapons but they do tend to make significant use of traditional, psychological and physical methods to quell any imminent revolt by employees. Jaap, T (par2 June 2011). Creativity is an essential part of the human nature that fosters new ideals, inventions and venture to greater heights by virtue of imagining beyond the sum of one’s present circumstances. In order to facilitate these qualities individuals have to have a form of freedom that makes it conducive for free flow of knowledge and ideas based on the fact that they no longer see the work they are doing as work but develop a sense of ownership and passion in the roles they have to perform in the organization. Most organizational leaders would highly appreciate workers that bring enthusiastic views and effort to work for it energizes the whole team. Not only would that develop a healthy working atmosphere but the productivity also will definitely be increased exponentially because everyone would understand that they are valued and all their inputs play a vital role in the operational process. Many leaders are more than likely going to argue that bottom up leadership could only cause chaos in the work place rather than productivity as a result of everyone having self expression as to how they look at life in the organization. The leaders in most cases forget an important concept that they themselves are called to serve. Rather than leading in a group top down leaders would rather lead ahead of the group which implies egotistic approach on the whole leadership process for the individual leader seeks to gain attention as being the alpha dog of the group. Bottom up leadership however is focused on developing team spirit in the organization where people unite to tackle the task at hand with clear objectives of getting the job done right and credit is made to the team as a whole. Not only is bottom up leadership a healthy form of leadership style it will in most cases increase employee retention hence ensuring that the organization has committed people on the team which does go a long way in comparison of trying to build passion in people who are disgruntled by leaders that only understand my way or the highway form of mindset The importance of team development could not be understated, they are what hold organizations together, by professionalizing conflicts in actuality if done well fosters healthy working relationships. Conflicts should not be taken personally and working roles need to be well defined so that those involved have good understanding of their responsibilities as pertaining to the task at hand. As being part of the team one has to be actively involved in the decision making process by adding input so as to take the participatory approach. While in a team it is also good to remember that when there happens to be problems in the organization it is very likely that 85% percent is as a result of system failure and 15% people A main force behind my thinking is the conviction that a management style from the bottom up, instead of top down is more effective. Main reason for this is that by being stimulating and facilitating people are better equipped to perform their tasks: higher motivation, less stressed and more able to absorb complexity†¦. I am convinced that if this style of management is in your brain, you have a more tolerating, productive and positive mind set, and one that is based upon trust instead of fear. I am convinced that educating around the globe about this style (instead of the old top-down directive leadership style) will have an amazing impact on more than just how businesses are run. It is about a better human-human interaction. (Par7 De Baar 2008) References Likert, R. (1967). The human organization: Its management and value, New York: McGraw-Hill Jaap, T (June 2011). Culture change by evolution or revolution. Retrieved from http://bottomupleadership. com/ Jaap, T (May 8 2008) . Why is leadership failing? Retrieved from http://bottomupleadership. com/why-is-leadership-failing/ N, Ki-Young &J, Mi-Jin (2008 summer). Bottom- Up Design Leadership as a Strategic Tool. Retrieved from http://www. dmi. org/dmi/html/publications/journal/pdf/08193NAM59. pdf W, H, R, Rivers (1920). Instinct and the Unconscious. Retrieved from http://en. wikisource. org/wiki/Instinct_and_the_Unconscious/War-Neurosis_and_Military_Training Jaap, T (may 3 2008) Being a Bottom up Leader. Retrieved from http://bottomupleadership. com/being-a-bottomup-leader/ T, Stan. The emotional effects of war on soldiers. Retrieved from http://www. healthguidance. org/entry/11261/1/The-Emotional-Effects-of-War-on-Soldiers. html B, Wall (2008). Working Relationships, Mountain view, CA: Davies Black Publishing 37. J, Sipe & D, Frick (2009) Seven Pillars of Servant Leadership. NY/ Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press 142. De Baar, B (2008). Bottoms Up: Leadership style for a better world. Retrieved from http://www. basdebaar. com/bottoms-up-leadership-style-for-a-better-world-168. html

Strategic Planning, Learning Theory, and Training Needs Analysis Essays

Strategic Planning, Learning Theory, and Training Needs Analysis Essays Strategic Planning, Learning Theory, and Training Needs Analysis Essay Strategic Planning, Learning Theory, and Training Needs Analysis Essay Assignment One: Strategic planning, learning theory, and training needs analysis Strayer University ASSIGNMENT ONE Identify the five phases of the training process model (TPM); explain fully the process that goes on in each of the phases. The five phases of the training process model are as follows; 1. Analysis Phase – In the analysis phase, companies determine where there are performance gaps and how they will address those gaps. They must determine whether the performance gap is caused by insufficient employee knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSA’s) or from non-KSA related issues such as faulty equipment or motivation issues (Blanchard Thacker, 2010). This process is often referred to as a training needs analysis (TNA). The analysis also serves to attach priorities to training events. Not all training needs identified will be an emergency, while other areas identified may need to be addressed as quickly as possible. 2. Design Phase – The design phase is the creation of training objectives. Once the training needs are identified through the TNA process the design phase is used to provide specific direction on how and when to provide the training. This phase also takes into consideration the factors needed to complete the training objectives, such as where to get the training (outsourced or internal), how to deliver the training (classroom, distance learning, written materials etc. ), and the organization of the training content (Blanchard Thacker, 2010). . Development Phase – The development phase is when you formulate an instructional strategy in order to meet the training objectives. It is also when all of the materials that are needed to conduct the training are brought together. Such as training materials (manuals, texts, and training media), and how the content will be delivered (classroom, distance, individual). 4. Implementation Phase – The implementation phase is when a ll of the other phases are brought together and the training can be conducted. A dry run of the training is recommended in order to ensure all the training needs are met and the training will be successful. 5. Evaluation Phase – There are two parts to the evaluation phase; the first is the process evaluation which looks at the mechanics of the training. In the second part the outcome evaluation; looks at how well the training objectives were implemented. This evaluates how the training influenced the trainees, job performance, and overall company training goals. Identify three factors that might inhibit HRD managers from developing a strategic planning approach to training. Recommend how these three factors might be overcome. Since the HRD main focus is on employee’s skills and performance and the book states that many companies leave the HRD out of the  strategic  planning process completely; it stands to reason that a HRD manager in this scenario would not develop a  strategic  plan because they know it wont be supported or included in the company’s  overall  goals. Aside from that, the other issues managers face are technical design issues, cultural/ideological issues, and political issues. If the plan is supported by the company, the HRD manager has to realize costs and development of training (especially if new training is needed to introduce new skills to workers). They also have to  determine  if this can be  achieved  internally or if they need to bring in outside  consultants. They also have to be sensitive to the cultural issues employees face and how all of these tie in with the entire organizational goals. HRD needs to identify and explain the need for change within an organization and present solutions. For instance if the companies new strategy is to have better customer service, the HRD needs to develop training that improves customer service skills while still fitting into the company’s other  strategic  goals (like saving money). Since most change in organizations is top-down thinking, the HRD manager needs to be able to present its  strategies  from the bottom (the employee) up and convince upper levels that certain changes or training is needed in order to meet company goals and that these  strategies  needs to be implemented for the overall success of the company. Compare and contrast the behaviorist and the cognitive approaches to learning. Explain which is more relevant to training. Depending on the task being trained, either approach may be best suited for the training. For instance, since the behaviorist approach suggests that the environment controls learning; in other words, the person doing the learning is not setting the objectives. A type of behaviorist learning could be getting struck by lightning. Someone doesn’t go outside in a lightning storm with the intent of being struck, and therefore learning not to go out in lighting storms. Rather it happens and they learn from the experience. Cognitive learning on the other hand is controlled by the learner. Like taking college courses, the student has an expectation of what they will learn from the course and it is dependent on their actions as a student if they learn the material or not. The instructor can set up the environment for learning, but if the student fails to show up learning will not happen. So in a corporate training environment, either approach to training could be effective. Training a specific task to be memorized and performed would fall under the behaviorist approach, while going to sexual harassment training would fall under a cognitive approach. Fully explain the purpose of a training needs analysis (TNA). Argue the conditions under which a TNA is  always  necessary, and offer two examples when a TNA might not be required. The training needs analysis (TNA) is used primarily to determine what training is necessary to eliminate or improve organizational performance gaps (OPG). When company goals and objectives are not being met, a TNA can and should be done in order to identify what training needs to take place and who needs to take the training in order to eliminate those performance gaps. TNAs are used to determine if the gap is due to employees KSA’s or if there are other barriers in place that are affecting employee performance. A TNA may not be required when the training being conducted is applicable to everyone in the company, such as sexual harassment or loss prevention training. It is also not necessary if the training is meant for team-building purposes. In this case the training is directed at the team members to develop cohesiveness and effectiveness. A TNA is always necessary when a performance gap has been identified. The TNA in this case ensures that only the employees who need the training receive it, thus reducing training costs. For instance, if the performance gap is identified in how paperwork is being handled, you would not need your manufacturers to attend the training, only the administrative employees would need to attend. This eliminates sending employees to training that they do not need, which can distract those who do need or want the training. Since relevance is one of the motivators for learning, TNA’s promote training effectiveness by ensuring that only the employees who require the training receive it. References Blanchard, P. N. Thacker, J. W. (2010). Effective Training: Systems, Strategies, Practice 2010 custom edition (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, N. J. : Prentice Hall.

Cotton essays

Cotton essays What would winter be like without your cozy bedroom slippers or your soft pajamas that keep you warm? What about the hand-me-down blue jean comforter that you cant sleep without? Well, all of these things have one thing in common: they are Cotton has been used since prehistoric times, scientists think the earliest known cotton plant was about 7000 years ago. It has been used in India for at least 5000 years, cotton was even around when pilgrims landed in America in 1607. Back then, cotton was hand picked and seperated by hand, which took many workers and a lot of hard work. Around 1793, Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin, used to separate the cotton fiber from the seeds. Cotton soon later became one of the most The leading cotton-producing states are Texas, California, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, North Carolina, Arizona, and of course, Georgia. In the United States, cotton is only 35 percent of the fibers produced in textile mills. But the United States isnt the only country that produces cotton, it only produces one sixth of the cotton in the world. other countries include China, India, Pakistan, Brazil, and Turkey. You know why cotton is so widespread? Cotton has great durability, absorbency, and it is very easy to dye. If you live in the United States you most likely use cotton on an everyday basis. The fiber in cotton is most commonly used as fabric to make you favorite t-shirt, or yarn for knitting. It s also used in automobile tires, and plastic reinforcing. The rest of the cotton plant is also used. Cotton hulls are used for fertilizer, fuel, and packing. Fiber from the stalk is used for pressed paper and cardboard. Cotton is very important to the economy and our every day lives. So when you go to Wal-Mart and you are looking at clothes or blankets, think about whats cool, comfortable, and durable: cotton. I know that without my blu ...

Discussion post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion post - Essay Example The aim of medical management is to remove H. pylori and to control gastric acidity. The methods used in the treatment include lifestyle changes, surgical intervention and medications (Walton, 2010). I agree with Theresa about Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). BPH refers to a growth of the prostate gland that is noncancerous. The disease is common in elderly because the prostate continues to grow during a man’s lifetime. The symptoms of the disorder are different in various people. The most common symptoms are urgent or frequent urge to urinate, inability to start urinating and the sensation of incomplete bladder emptying. In addition, the signs include dribbling, weak stream of urine and pain when passing urine. A PSA level that is greater than 10ng ml-1 indicates a higher possibility of prostatic cancer. Methods available to screen prostate cancer include digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound, prostate-specific antigen, and a combination of tests (Kaplan & McVary, 2014). Medical treatments include alpha blockers that consist of terazosin, alfuzosin, tamsulin, and doxazosin. Other drugs consist of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors where dutasteride and finaster ide are oral drugs to treat BPH. Likewise, combination treatment of 5-alpha-reductace inhibitors and alpha-blockers, and anticholinergics can treat BPH. Moreover, alternative and complementary drugs which are herbal treatments can be used in BPH therapy. Other techniques of treatments include transurethral microwave thermotherapy, transurethral needle ablation, surgical methods and minimal invasion treatment (Urology Care Foundation,

How Children Learn Mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

How Children Learn Mathematics - Essay Example To help the students with such problems, teachers and parents should provide various representations with meaning and be positive in their approach to discussing mathematical issues. There are strategies in teaching mathematics that may reduce some of the problems. All authors believe that teachers should use a variety of representations and even some relatively unconventional tools. Mental mathematics, linking cubes, drawings, mental images, concrete materials, equations, base-ten blocks, computer programs can all be used with the goal of students to find the representations they personally can manipulate (physically and or mentally) with most ease and meaning. By choosing the representation that represents how they personally think, students can attach meaning to the situation and it becomes more accessible (Fennell, 2001, 288). Parents should also learn their childrens learning style even if it differs from their own. Parents are also encouraged to "pretend" they enjoy mathematics and can do them "as well and anybody" (Dedyna, 2002, Press). For Thompson, one of the simplest ways of teaching vocabulary is to explain the concepts first, and then attach the term to it. This strategy can be used in conjunction with etymologies (word origins) because when students know these roots, they can make connections between common English words with which they are familiar and mathematics terms. Many students from elementary to high school have the same problems with understanding mathematics. One of students biggest problems is the inability to represent their thinking. Representations can be oral, numeric, drawn, concrete, on a computer, etc. A student may understand a problem in its oral form, for example, but the written version of the same problem may stump the student because they incorrectly make the transition from the words and symbols on the paper to their mind when they attempt to