Substitution and Income Effects of the Working Tax Credit on Labour Supply

Labour essay: Having considered the implications for the WTC, we can now analyse the effects of the policy on labour supply by determining the substitution and income effects. It’s clear that the effect of the working tax credit on work behaviour depends upon how much a worker is currently working. To analyse these effects we will only look at one type of individual; a lone parent in the labour force. This will simplify our analysis such that we can divide the diagram below into 3 sections and describe the effects separately. draw:frame} Figure 1: Diagram showing how the imposition of the WTC affects the individuals labour supply decision When the lone parent is either not working at all, or working less than 16 hours (Labelled A in the diagram), her current wage rate and therefore income is unaffected by the WTC. This is simply because they have not yet received any tax credit and therefore have no added incentives to work. However, if they work over16 hours, the programme wi ll raise their overall take home wage as they receive a lump sum payment, shown by the first vertical blue line. Therefore, at this low level of work, there is a very small, or 0, income effect, and a positive substitution effect, thus increasing the individual’s labour supply. These effects are the same as would be under an increase in the wage rate, shown diagrammatically in Figure 2. {draw:frame} Figure 2: Diagram showing the effects of a wage increase The movement around the original indifference curve from A to C is the substitution effect; this arises due the change in price of leisure relative to hours of work, holding utility as constant. As the wage rate has increased the opportunity cost of leisure opposed to work has risen. The substitution effect encourages the worker to decrease his hours of leisure. The movement from C to B donates the income effect illustrating the workers response to an increase in real income. Overall, the substitution effect dominates the income effect and therefore increases labour supply from L1 to L2. There is also the possibility that the income effect may overpower the substitution effect resulting in a decrease in the supply of labour. However, this depends on the position of the indifference curves, hence the worker’s preferences for work and leisure. On the other hand, it is unlikely at this low wage rate for the worker to choose leisure over the opportunity to earn a higher wage. Section ‘C’ of our WTC diagram shows the area at which an individual works more than 30 hours. The worker’s net income is now higher at this point, however the worker’s marginal wage is lower which is demonstrated by the gradient of the WTC line being shallower than gradient of the No WTC line. The Substitution and Income effects here are the same as would be with a decrease in wage. Both the Income and substitution effects work together to reduce the amount of labour; shown in Figure 3: {draw:frame} Figure 3: Diagram showing the effects of a wage decrease The substitution effect is shown by the movement around the old indifference curve, from A to C. The income effect is shown by the movement from A to B. Although the substitution effect is stronger, both effects work together to reduce the hours of work from L1 to L3. Lastly, section ‘B’ represents the area at which an individual works between 16 and 30 hours. Here, the effects of the WTC on labour supply are much more complex. Despite the gradient of the WTC line being the same as section C, this time there is the possibility of increasing work to above 30 hours and receiving the additional payment. This therefore results in lone parents bunching around the 16 and 30 hour marks in order to gain the greatest benefit from the WTC payment. Some will therefore substitute leisure for work and work longer hours to gain the additional bonus at 30 hours, whilst others will choose to forgo work for leisure and be content with the benefit of working over 16 hours.

Rewarding and Punishment the Same Behavior Essay

What type of reinforcement schedule does random drug testing represent? Is this type of schedule typically effective or ineffective? Answer: The case study â€Å"Professional sports: Rewarding and punishment the same behavior† was about how in a baseball game steroids are being used and the offense which has been caused by it. The type of reinforcement schedule discuss in this case was the random drug testing which presents the fact that most of the times baseball players are not aware of the point that they are taking drugs. This is because they don’t take it intentially but given by their coaches to improve performance of the player in game. According to the case I agree with the decision of commissioner of the baseball. According to his decision, he gave a second chance to the players who did not know that their coaches were giving them drugs. Whereas, he declared a ten day suspension for the first time offenders from playing the game. But congress and the general public was not satisfied so the commissioner incorporated tougher rules to play in the game such as the â€Å"three strikes, and you are out† policy wherein the first time offenders were suspended from playing the game for 50 days, the second time offenders were suspended from playing the game for 100 days and the last one was a ban wherein the player cannot further play the game. Due to the usage of steroids the rules in the other games even became tougher. The NFL and the NBA also had to check their players if they were using drugs while playing the game. The coaches in the baseball game needs to be strict while choosing their best players to play the game. The coaches need to be strict with rules of the game and as well as the players to stop using the usage of steroids in the baseball game. A fine or a suspension is considered as a minor part whereas the ultimate decision to ban the player is the correct decision which is made by the commissioner of baseball. . Whereas to find whether its effective or not we can see that the type of reinforcement schedules that random drug testing represent is the variable interval type. As defined, this type of schedule occurs when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. In the case, the reinforcement schedule is done randomly and unexpected. It is typically effective because athletes not aware of the test and when these tests will be taken place. Therefore, athletes are unprepared. Unlike a fixed variable reinforcement schedule, athletes have a fixed time of when the tests will be scheduled so they can prepare and make sure their systems are clean before they take the test. . 2. What are some examples of behaviors in typical organizations that supervisors reward but may actually be detrimental to others or to the organization as a whole? As a manager, what might you do to try to avoid this quandary? . Answer: The main example of a behavior in a typical organization that supervisors reward but may actually be detrimental to others or to the organization as a whole is athletes taking steroids. When athletes take steroids to enhance their performance abilities, they are misleading their managers and their fans. Initially, it may be rewarding because everyone involved gains from the profitability, sports merchandise, increased popularity and success. But in the end, when it is discovered that the athlete achieved recognition with the aid of steroids he destroys his reputation and also his team’s and country’s reputation and the loyalty the fans had for him. If I was a manager, what I might do in order to avoid this quandary, if I was made aware of someone using steroids, I would do a random drug testing as soon as possible instead of having the whole team suffer for that one insubordinate athlete. . If you were the commissioner of baseball, what steps would you take to try to reduce the use of steroids in baseball? Is punishment likely to be the most effective deterrent? Why or why not? Answer: If I was the commissioner of baseball, there are several steps that I would take to try to reduce the use of steroids in baseball. First of all, I would reinforce to all the athletes tha t if someone is caught using steroids they will be thrown off the team. Second, I would continue to do random drug testing. Punishment is not likely to be the most effective deterrent. This will only cause athletes to stop playing and taking steroids for a certain period of time. In addition to it I would also have taken some steps as taken by the commissioner in this case. For the 1st time offender who didn’t know that they were being drugged by their coaches should be suspended for few games. In addition to that the coach must be strictly punished a huge sum of fine plus life time ban from the game. Whereas, for those who have offended it for the first time knowingly, must be suspended for a year plus a heavy amount fine should be imposed on them. And for those who have repeated it should be banned from baseball sport. The second part of the question was â€Å"Is punishment likely to be the most effective deterrent†? For me yes, punishment is the most effective deterrent. It is the competition that everyone loves. The feeling of winning makes many people do anything to achieve it. Even if this means one must cheat to win. Many players used and still use steroids to enhance their muscles so they are stronger during game play. There can be two ways of stopping the player not to use steroids, either by rewarding or by punishing. Rewarding in the sense, we can give incentives to players for not using them but the incentives of winning will be more attractive than these. Therefore one can punish the player if they use those incentives. A player cheats to win money, fans and fame. But if they are found to be using steroids, they will lose their fame and fans and should also be heavily fined. 4. Is it okay to allow potentially unethical behaviors, which on the surface may benefit organizations, to persist? Why or why not? Answer: No, unethical behaviors must not persist even if on the surface they may benefit organizations. For short term it may be beneficial but not in long run. Any unethical behaviors can directly affect the reputation of the organization. And in today’s world a good reputed organization is the most important part of organization building. People like to buy the service or product from a good reputed organization. It creates goodwill of the organization. For example, in context of the given case, organization can be the baseball team and unethical behavior can be the use of steroids by the players. This may help the team to build a strong impression and can help them to win many games as well. But the day general public will learn that the victory is not due to the hard work but rather than steroids, all of their impression will be on stake. They may lose their sponsors, fans and reputation. Same was the case happened with Pakistani cricket team. Few of the players of Pakistani cricket team player, Salman Butt, M. Amir and Asif, were involved in match fixing. They might have earned a lot from that but when it was exposed they were punished. They had to pay double amount of fine of what they earned. In addition to it now none of the companies will like to endorse just players who are involved in unethical activities. In addition to it they lost all their fans. Almost every Pakistani doesn’t like them because they created a bad impression of Pakistan in the global world. As well as destroyed the image of the Pakistani team nationally and internationally. Can you imagine cheating and excellence in the same sentence? What does known cheating and the Hall of Fame have in common? What does shameful and The Hall of Fame have in common? Does known cheating and excellence equal The Hall Of Fame? This debate doesn’t have two sides. There are no hairs to split. There are no counter arguments to argue. Cheating is not how to get ahead. Cheating isn’t even how to compete. Even if you’re never found out, It’s a setup for failure elsewhere in life. Anyone that has admitted or has been proven to have used performance enhancing drugs should never even be considered for the Hall Of Fame.

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY,unit 4, question #1, Essay

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY,unit 4, question #1, - Essay Example tions to philosophy Thomas White states â€Å"Aristotle is very much a commonsense philosopher, and commonsense tells us that people should be held responsible for what they do†(White, 2008). Therefore, because Aristotle believed and philosophized that people are responsible for their own lives and actions, which is the definition of commonsense in the realm of philosophy, Aristotle would definitely fit into such a category of philosopher. The idea of Aristotle being a commonsense philosopher is further shown through his discussions and thoughts on voluntary and involuntary actions. White defines voluntary actions as those that are â€Å"under our control,† and involuntary actions as those that â€Å"result from constraint or ignorance†(White, 2008). In Aristotle’s view, humans should be held responsible and accountable for the actions that they themselves have chosen and should not be held responsible for actions that were forced upon them or done through ignorance(White, 2008). However, Aristotle does seem to make the distinction between responsibility and accountability in regard to involuntary actions. It appears that this is where morality plays a large part as a person should be held more accountable for involuntary actions if those actions had a negative impact on the overall well-being of humanity. These voluntary and involuntary actions may be positive or negative, and both types of actions are related to the concept of well-being (White, 2008). By maintaining this viewpoint that humans must be held responsible or accountable for their actions, both good and bad, Aristotle is showcasing his commonsense approach to philosophy. Commonsense generally means knowledge that everyone has or should have. Aristotle’s contribution to philosophy uses a lot of the moral and ethical reasoning that already exists in a civilized society, but was not fully understood at that particular point in history. Aristotle brought this kind of thinking and reasoning to the

Strategic Warehouse Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Warehouse Management - Assignment Example It can assist in an entity monitor and keep track of the quantity of finished goods, raw materials and work in process the company the firm holds at hand. To make a decision on stock purchase, production schedule and allocation for warehousing needs the management would require information in the inventory control system. For small business, inventory control system through warehousing can be an efficient channel to keep cost low and efficiently deliver products that meet customer demand. For business involved export and importation warehousing helps in keeping track of the finished goods, which the shipping department uses to control and store products. It is through warehousing and inventory control system that a firm can ship products to its clients efficiently and in a timely way. Business incurs cost in delivery of goods associated with inputs and output. Every business will always aim to cut cost. Warehousing system, therefore, help control cost by controlling the amount of materials the business must keep on hand. Specific requirement are mandatory in designing the warehouse. Considering the fact that it’s a multipurpose store, the designer should be keen on ensuring warehouse space functionality and efficiency and at the same time ensuring safety and comfort-ability of the environment for the employees. Warehouse enhances productivity and control, reduce operating costs, and enhance customer service. The design should also be one that maintain a corporate image and provide for worker satisfaction. The physical aspect in terms of image and esthetics, landscaping and worker safety and comfort, are also very important consideration. First and foremost the design for the warehouse the design be based on the current and future needs of the firm. The design should be able to facilitate changes in business or agency growth, and size of staff of officers required to

Thinking and Decision Making Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thinking and Decision Making - Term Paper Example Generally, the reasoning put emphasis on the intellectual aspect of thinking. In addition, reasoning using ideas and meanings enables people to come to conclusions in the form of decisions. In thinking, analyzing the ideas and meanings in different ways involves elements of thought, generating reasoning, and leading to conclusion. The elements of thought include purpose, problem, conclusions, facts, assumptions, concepts, implications, and point of view (Paul & Elder, 2006). People think differently with some thinking systematically being referred to as analytical thinkers, whereas others think intuitively. Generally, people think with either the right or left hemisphere of brain dominance, though scholars encourage use of both hemispheres. According to Marquis & Huston (2008), people with the upper-left- brain dominance are analytical thinkers who like to work with factual data and numbers solving problems in a logical and rational way, while people with the lower-left-brain dominan ce are very organized and detail oriented, and like to work in a stable environment, value safety and security over risking. (p. 16) Based on the brain dominance, four different thinking styles exist, but this paper will discuss only three. Logical Thinking Thinking logically and selecting reasoning fallacies from one’s thinking and other’s thinking is the basis of critical thinking. ... Deductive reasoning involves use of syllogism, which is a three-step form of reasoning with two premises and a conclusion. There are three classes of syllogisms: the categorical, the hypothetical, and the disjunctive syllogisms. Categorical Syllogisms A categorical syllogism is an argument that involves statements that either affirm or deny that a subject is a member of a certain class or has certain property (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, Pg.157). An example of categorical syllogism is as follows: MAJOR PREMISE—All our teachers are tall MINOR PREMISE—Tom is one of our teachers CONCLUSION—Tom is tall. Tall is the predicate in this case because it is the property or class given to the subject found in premise and conclusion. Indeed, syllogisms are valid when the argument from premises to conclusion is accurate. Hypothetical Syllogisms A pure hypothetical syllogism is one in which the two premises, and the conclusion are hypothetical or conditional, and they normally t ake the form â€Å"if-then statements† (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, P.184). Disjunctive Syllogisms This is the kind of syllogism that involves use of â€Å"either† or â€Å"or† statements. Reasoning error of affirming a nonexclusive disjunct using â€Å"or† in a nonexclusive manner sometimes involves disjunctive syllogism. Inductive thinking normally â€Å"begins with a set of evidence or observations about some members of a class, or about some events† (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, P.197). Based on the evidence or observations, one makes a conclusion regarding other members of the class or about some events. The conclusion of inductive reasoning is normally highly probable, as they do not follow the observations with certainty. Scientific thinking Scientific thinking involves a structured way of reasoning

Genetically Modified Crops) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genetically Modified Crops) - Research Paper Example When it comes to food, one has to be absolutely sure about safety and health of human beings. Absence of surety makes GMC unsafe for human health. There are also risks that some genetically modified crops can increase resistance of different antibiotics and this can lead to health issues (Conway, 2000). This type of resistance can render any antibiotic useless and can prolong illness. In genetically mutated crop, different genes are artificially introduced and some of these genes can increase resistance to important medicines like antibiotics. Genetically modified crops are also unpredictable because no one knows how they will be reacting with natural human genes and our bodily function. The pose risk to human health because modified genes can react with human body and lead to health issues and other types of illnesses. GMC has also been found to produce health defects and organ failures in animal testing (Dona & Nitoyannis, 2009). This is also a significant reason to worry about genetically modified food and crop. Animal testing has showed its dangers and therefore it is only logical to assume that these crops might also pose risk of organ failures in human beings. One of the main benefits if genetically modified crops is that that it can end famine and shortage of food problem from the developing countries. Most developing countries face shortage of food and this can be eradicated through use of genetically modified crop as it increases efficiency of crops and make it more resistant to pests. Genetically mutated crops can also help farmers of developing countries where soil is not fertile enough to sustain good crop yields. Through these crops, farmers can increase their output which can in turn lead to prosperity for farmers. There are also economic benefits of the crop as it offers protection from pests. Farmers can save significant amount of money on pesticides. Also these crops increase output and this makes it more economical

Decision making process Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decision making process - Case Study Example In the year 2012, for example, locals, â€Å"farmers, students, researchers, and activists† demonstrated against a decision on application of the tract to illustrate its significance (Occupy the Farm 1). Threats to similar demonstrations have similarly been realized in the recent past following decisions to utilize part of the tract (Breslaur 1). The public and a special committee for the project will therefore be involved in the decision making process that. The public, through the different stakeholder will participate in the initial decision making stage that will involve identification of possible alternatives whose implementation will meet people’s needs. Investors whose interest lies in the decision on application of the tract will also be involved in identification of possible applications (Burger 29). The committee of experts that will be instituted by the tract’s caretaker institution for managing the tract will then take the active decision making role. It will analyze offered opinions by the public and investors to determine and align their exact meanings. It will then conduct a research on factors to the tract and potential effects of identified options and conduct analysis to inform its decision on the project (Schermerhorn 93). The decisions will be made at different times and in different forums. The public has undertaken its role in the decision making through specialized forums that were organized, separately, for students, researchers, farmers, and local residents to offers their opinions on possible application of the land for their best interests. Investors’ decisions and the decisions at different stages of the management committee are scheduled for the next two months. The following timeline shows the timeline for the past decisions and proposed schedule for future decisions by investors and the committee. Breslaur, George. â€Å"UC Berkeley issues a response

Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return Assignment

Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return - Assignment Example Table 1 shows the cash inflow expected to be generated and the cash outflow expected to be incurred should the proposed expansion be undertaken. During the first year, the company will incur expenses to finance the purchase of the new plant and equipment costing 5,000,000. It is assumed that this amount will be a one time expense fully incurred during the first year. This report also recognized the need to recognize the investment in research and development already incurred by the company. The rationale behind this is to fully and adequately evaluate the profitability of the project. It should be noted that in order to come up with a proper valuation, the company should account for all the revenues and expenses generated by the project. Thus, it is inclusive of all the expenses incurred to bring the project in operation. Research and development cost of 900,000 should be accounted for because without it, the expansion will be impossible to pursue. During 2005, the amount of 1,800,000 to cover additional working capital expenses is also included in the cash outlay required. However, management also expects that after five years, this amount will be freed up and can be readily used by other projects. Thus, Table 1 also shows that during 2005, the company will be needing 1,800,000 while this amount will be available during 2010. In the case of the overhead costs, this report decided to use the 300,000 per annum as estimated by the project development team advisor. This is deemed appropriate as allocating 50% of the wages is just an estimate. It should also be noted that depreciation expense will not be included in the computation of the NPV because cash flow is not directly affected by the account. As taxes and inflation are excluded in the analysis, tax shield from depreciation will not be considered. The computation for NPV is shown in Table 2. Since the company is using 14% as the required rate of return for the expansion, the cash flows are discounted at the same rate. According to the computation in Table 2, the NPV of the expansion using 14% cost of capital is (403.47). Table 2. Discounted Cash Flow and NPV for Expansion (2005-2010, in thousand) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Inflow/ (Outflow) (8500) 2,040 1,940 2,140 2,140 3,940 Present Value Factor (14%) 1.0000 0.8722 0.7695 0.6750 0.5921 0.5194 Present Value (8500) 1789.4 1492.8 1444.5 1267.0 2046.4 NET PRESE NT VALUE (403.47) Internal Rate of Return The internal rate of return is the cost of capital which equates the net present value of all cash flow to zero. The IRR can be computed by calculating the NPV at different interest rates. Utilizing this method, we come up with Figure 1 which shows that IRR is approximately 12%. Figure 1 . NPV at Different Cost of Capital Question 2. Prepare an informal report for the Board of

Should College Athletes Get Paid Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should College Athletes Get Paid - Term Paper Example Setting aside for the now that college athletes who participate in the more popular sports such as football and basketball earn millions of dollars for their respective college and that non-athletic students gain from these financial benefits as well, athletes, by virtue of their demanding schedule, are deprived of the ability to earn while they learn and because of this reason alone should be compensated somewhat. The amount of a stipend is debatable but a reasonable amount of, for example, $200 per month is hardly exorbitant. This discussion will examine the reasons why college athletes receive pay. Both the universities and the NCAA make millions of dollars each winter from the bowl games following the regular football season, a sum that doesn’t include the share individual conferences enjoy. Now add up concession and ticket proceeds, merchandise sales and money gained from corporate sponsorships that without the existence of sports would not be available to a university ev ery year. Those millions come from one month’s revenue from one sport. The college athletes understand that their efforts produce many millions of dollars for their schools but they are not allowed to make even pocket change while giving their all for their team. Athletes are subjected to the most meager of a life under current NCAA rules. Meanwhile, they observe other students with enough spending money at least for an occasional burger and their coach making a multi-million dollar income but know that it is them who are the ones that making the biggest sacrifice. When a college athlete or their family is experiencing financial difficulties as is the instance in many situations, the pressure to leave school to try a professional career is enormous. What would inspire a student-athlete in this predicament to remain in school if they were presented with a chance to earn what even a minor league salary or a backup role at the top league level may offer? Moreover, college athlet es face the perpetual threat of a career ending injury. This has ended the dreams of many for a professional career but, more tragically, also ends their academic career too. (Chaisson, 2001). There undoubtedly is a disparity between athletes and non-athlete students which is not in favor of the athlete. For example, college students who are engaged in extracurricular pursuits other than athletics, musicians for instance collect scholarships and can perform for their college’s symphony whether they or not they are academically eligible. They are also able to perform and make money in a professional band or orchestra while enrolled at school. By contrast, if athletes did this, they would lose their scholarship, be kicked out of school and most likely end any chance of playing professional sports. Furthermore, a music student is able to earn a music degree and even for a specific instrument. â€Å"A football or basketball major is unheard of, much less a major in playing quart erback or strong forward. Athletes are scrutinized for getting any type of job while on scholarship for their school. Getting paid to play or work in football would be sacrilege† (Chaisson, 2001). Student athletes represent of a unique sector of the school’s population. Much more is required of them. Athletes spend much more time and effort than general population students and are relentlessly challenged with balancing academics, athletics and social

Retail and Channel Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Retail and Channel Management - Assignment Example Typical channel marketing methods used include direct selling or selling through a reseller. The act of retailing comes in when a producer delivers goods to consumers through a reseller. Delivery of goods from the production premises to the market goes through some stages involving different parties. The typical steps of a supply chain start with the delivery of goods from the producer to a wholesaler. A wholesaler buys goods from the producer in large quantities only to sell them to the retailers. A retailer comes in at the end of a supply chain where it sells goods to consumers in small quantities. A retail store may be involved is some channeling activities, which may include delivery of goods from their main store to other small outlets or to consumer environments. In the modern business arena, retail industry is growing at a tremendous pace. Recent commerce statistics shows that the retail industry will hit a $13 206 billion by the year 2015. Just like any other business and marketing concepts, the acts of retailing and channeling require management services. This brings us to the context of retail and channel management. All management activities involve the process of planning, organizing, leading, directing and controlling the involved processes. According to Neelesh (2008), the process of retail and channel management entails the acts of planning, organizing and directing the delivery and supply of goods from the retail stores to the end users. Retail management refers to all the integrated processes which facilitate procurement of the desired goods and services by a consumer. Retail management incorporates the management and marketing concepts in achieving the goal of effective provision and delivery of goods to the end users. An efficient retail management exercises accomplish the result of making customers’ shopping experience exciting. According to Nicholas (2005) & Gary (2005), channel

Dealing with Evil Essay Example for Free

Dealing with Evil Essay After the World War II the planet has been divided by the Iron Curtain into two antagonistic camps: the communist countries, headed by the USSR and the capitalistic countries, headed by the USA. The struggle between two systems took forms of economic competition, ideological dispute, armament race and even local armed conflicts. Both leaders aimed to spread their influence at every possible region and attract carry over every possible country. At that they often paid little attention to home policy of a particular state concentrating exclusively on their ability to control it. Declaring their desire for democracy both the USA and the USSR often supported authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. This paper shall review some examples when the US cooperated with undemocratic rulers and demonstrate the necessity of such cooperation in order to stop the communist expansion. In one of the global key-points – the Middle East the USA did a lot to support an unpopular regime of the Shah of Iran. Between 1945 and 1979 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, conducted a policy of westernization and close ties with the United States. His rule has been marked by growing poorness of the population and total corruption of the state officials. Failure of economic reforms has only compounded the crisis. Under such conditions the communist party gained increasing popularity among the people of Iran. However, despite of Shah’s authoritarism, the USA instructed him when he removed a democratically elected government in 1953, as well as later in his actions. Only in 1977 the President has sent â€Å"a polite reminder† to the Shah about the necessity to take care of human rights . In response the Shah has freed some political prisoners and allowed the Red Cross to operate in Iran. Those measures appeared to be late and the Shah has been overthrown in 1979. Between 1940 and 1959 the USA favored a regime of l Ruben Fulgencio Batista at Cuba, preferring to have a dictator rather than a communist country just a few miles away. Batista has been provided with funds for electoral campaign. The CIA assisted Batista in detecting and destroying his opponents. However, Batista’s regime appeared to be so unpopular among the people of Cuba, that it has been destroyed by a small group of guerillas lead by Fidel Castro in 1959 . Another example of support rendered by the USA to totalitarian leader is cooperation with the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo ). Mobutu’s attitude to Soviet Union was rather frosty because of the Soviet support of local rebels. So he has chosen to strengthen the relationships with America and Belgium – a former mother-country of Zaire. The US was third largest donor to Zaire economy. Even despite of Mobutu’s warlike rhetoric and poor human rights record, Zaire received almost 50% of US assistance to sub-Sahara countries in the times of President Carter. America also directly cooperated with Mobutu during inner conflicts by providing supplies and transporting Belgian paratroopers . Nevertheless after collapse of the USSR the USA has found it unnecessary to further work with Mobutu and he was even refused of American visa. In contrast he was now suppressed to democratize his regime. And without outside assistance he has been overthrown in 1994. In total, the attitude of the USA to friendly dictators can be characterized by a rude but frank phrase of Franklin D. Roosevelt: â€Å"He may be a son of a bitch, but he’s our son of a bitch†. In the titanic struggle with communism political loyalty was a priority in comparison to observation of human rights. REFERNCES 1. Gellman, Irwin F.(1973) Roosevelt and Batista: Good neighbor diplomacy in Cuba, 1933-1945. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM 2. Ayittey, George B. N. (1999) Africa in Chaos: A Comparative History. Palgrave Macmillan 3. Afoaku, Osita. U. S. foreign policy and authoritarian regimes: Change and continuity in international clientelism, Journal of Third World Studies, Fall 2000, pp. -345-241

Jonathans Swifts’ Gulliver’s Travels Essay Example for Free

Jonathans Swifts’ Gulliver’s Travels Essay In Joanthans Swifts’ Gulliver’s Travels Part IV he uses a certain character to be his perfect example for what the human race should be. With this character he then will compare to the lowest of all beings to illustrate all the faults of man. These characters in his story are called the Houyhnhnms, which have a uniquely similar pronunciation to the word humans, and the Yahoos, who are the evil beasts of this particular island that Gulliver has washed up upon. Throughout the story as Gulliver describes the people of his home to the Houyhnhnms the reader begins to see how Swift shines a light on all the faults that humans have; compared to a divine, simple and perfect creature as the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver tries to distinct himself from the Yahoos of this land, who he absolutely abhors, by explaining his people’s ways and showing they have the ability to reason, unlike the Yahoos. The reader easily begins to see what Swift is trying to accomplish with his writings. He lets the reader make their own assumptions of the human race, but makes the assumption very clear. Within the story Gulliver describes how â€Å"his eyes had been opened and enlarged his understanding, which he began to view the actions and passions of man in a very different light†(puchner291). Gulliver begins to see that the thick skin, extra hair and long nails are merely the only thing separating himself from the Yahoos. This eye opening is exactly what Swift wants his readers to experience and see that there are so many despicable faults and useless ways of life in their society. The slow dissembling of the faults within man and questioning of the ways of mankind are in complete alignment with the ideas and ways of the Enlightenment, which was in short, to question everything. As Gulliver’s stay on the island continues, this questioning and examination of every aspect of his former life continues as well. The Houyhnhnms, or voices of reason, go on to question the laws of Gulliver’s land. One Houyhnhnms states how he cannot even contemplate how â€Å"the law which was intended for every man’s preservation should be any man’s ruin† (puchner285). Swift takes a deep stab at the governments’ ways of workings at the time and simply shows how it is anything but just and does not make any sense. Swift also makes a remarkable point in the direction of women’s rights, and uses common since to show how the treatment of women of the time was entirely reckless. The voice of a Houyhnhnms explains how it would be â€Å"monstrous in them to give the females a different kind of education from the males† (puchner298). The Houyhnhnms says how this way holds no logic, because it would leave one half of their people only useful for the bringing of children into the world and leave them good for nothing else (puchner298). Swift does not stop there and states how irresponsible it would be to not only leave this group inadequate but to then trust the care and upbringing of their children with these completely incompetent creatures. His reason here is very sound and unmistakable; how can you expect a society to flourish if the raising of man is done by the lowest creature of their society. Gulliver tries to prove to be different form the Yahoos by the fact that he can reason. The Houyhnhnms can see straight through this and one states that â€Å"when a creature pretending to reason could be capable of such enormities, he dreaded lest the corruption of that faculty might be worse than brutality itself† (puchner285). Through the Houyhnhnms response Swift dives into the depths of what humankind is capable of. He tackles how we may have the power of reason but have abused it to the full extent and instead of like the Yahoos caused destruction outwards on the world we have brought corruption into the inner beings of our society. Swift’s writings in Gulliver’s Travels question the entire makings of humankind and even the inability of people to dare to question. The Houyhnhnms are Swifts example of how humans should be but even the Houyhnhnms in their perfectness have a fault. They have no ability to question any facts or speak of â€Å"the thing which is not†. In Swift’s story, Gulliver recants how he remembers how hard it was for him to get his master to comprehend the meaning of the word opinion, or how any fact could be brought to question because â€Å"reason taught us to affirm or deny only where we are certain; and beyond our knowledge we cannot do either† (puchner297). Swift wants the reader to understand that you must not be afraid to put your thoughts and what you have been taught all of your life into question, to not fear the unknown. The Houyhnhnms refuse to believe that there are nations outside of their own island, similar to the way people refuse to think that there are opinions and answers other than their own that could be right. Swift uses his story Gulliver’s Travels to ignite the idea that the world as you know may not be the best of what it could be, just as the way stories have been used to teach children lessons at a young age. In Voltaire’s story Candide, his main character Candide is taken on a journey where he is determined to find his true love Cunegonde, which he is separated form in the beginning of the story. Through his journey Voltaire has Candide also in constant search for any man that is happier than he. In the story Candide has a friend named Pangloss who is a philosopher. In the beginning of this tale Pangloss states that â€Å"there cannot possibly be an effect without a cause† and that â€Å"things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve an end, everything necessarily serves the best end† (puchner356). Voltaire takes these quotes throughout the story and commits Candide to question it at every chance, but is blinded by pure devotion to what his friend Pangloss has said and continues to push on. Voltaire uses the comparison of two opposites just as Jonathan Swift did in Gulliver Travel’s IV. Voltaire uses the land Eldorado in Candid e to compare to Westphalia. Eldorado is the example of the perfect world while Westphalia is full of everything that is wrong with the world in Voltaire’s opinion. In this sacred Eldorado Candide and Cacambo witnesses how the people have no desire or wants for the jewels that line their streets. He states that â€Å"the children of this land must be well trained, since they are taught contempt for gold and jewels† (puchner381). During their dinner with their host at the hotel Candide tries to use the gold for payment but in this perfect Eldorado people are courteous and hotels are made and paid for by the state and they do not need any money. Later Candide begins to ask about religion and finds that this land has the perfect religion where they do not have monks that dictate what they do and punish them if they do not practice their religion as they say they should (putchner383). Instead Voltaire describes a religion where people are all of the same mind and can freely practice their religion (puc hner282). Once Candide meets the king he finds that this perfect land has no parliament for there was no need and no prisons but they had a gallery full of places to study sciences with mathematical and physical instruments to help further knowledge (putchner383). Here you can see how Voltaire is creating a world that has no prejudices and is surrounded by the overall bettering and good of the people. Although Candide and Cacambo have found the perfect world they still are not satisfied. This is a major flaw in man, to continue to want even after they have everything they need. In response to this, Candide and Cacambo leave and take all the riches they need that they assume will bring them happiness but instead are presented with tragedy after tragedy that brings them right back to where they began. Candide then by losing everything somehow is reunited with all his friends and they make it to a tiny farm to live where Pangloss continues to question. He finds a philosopher that he wants to discuss the â€Å"effects and causes, the best of possible worlds, the origin of evil, the nature of the soul, and pre-established harmony† (putchner412) all of which are prime examples of some of the main parts that have been in question during the Enlightenment; but instead Pangloss has the door slammed in his face; similar to the way man refuses to discuss these very same aspect. Pangloss still does not stop asking questions and making philosophical assumptions even to the very end of the story and after all the terrible things that had happened to him. Candide then runs into a Turk that states that most of the time the people who get involved in others business, perish terribly (putchner413). The Turk then continues to tell Candide that he and his family cultivate their 20 acres â€Å"and the work keeps [them] from three great evils, boredom, vice, and poverty† (putchner413). Candide takes the Turks words very seriously and soon sets out his life to imitate the Turks and sets up a garden to cultivate. After meeting all the people throughout his journey he finds this man to be the only person happier than him and he had found a way to make life bearable; so Candide commits to doing the same. Voltaire has much to say through his character Pangloss and Martin, about men who choose to live their lives working. Pangloss states that â€Å"man was not born to take his ease† and Martin comments that â€Å"working without speculation is the only way of rendering life bearable.† Candide finally has everything that he wanted all on their farm but sees that what he wanted and thought is not anymore what he wants or thinks. Cunegonde has lost all her beauty and he does not love her anymore and Pangloss’s theory does not hold a light in Candid’s’ mind anymore. He decides to change his life and stop wanting more and make a life that is focused on one goal; to cultivate his garden and not worry about the trifles amongst the world. He then sees clearly that he makes his own happiness and others do not. The garden will keep him away from the evils in which he has met all his life. He will not have to want for food and beg, and he will only have enough for what he needs and not what he wants and this will keep his mind busy and away from boredom. Pope’s writings differ greatly from Swift’s or Voltaire’s. In Pope’s Essay on Man, he uses poetry to illustrate his philosophical points. The start of his essay states â€Å" what can we reason but from what we know†(putchner345). Pope gains the reader’s attention by simply saying that he is just going to examine Man. This alone is what the Enlightenment was about, to take into account all that you thought you knew and then ask yourself, is this really what I know. Pope goes to ask the question, are we the only system or universe? He says to just â€Å"observe how system into system runs†(putchner345). How can we be the only world is the question he wishes to ignite in us; if we just look at our world we can clearly see that we are too a system within a system and perhaps we have a purpose within this very sphere. He continues to ask question among question to further state, why are we the way we are? And are we the highest being above all on earth and if so, should we be in this place? We can see where he asks â€Å"if God has placed him wrong† and should we have the power over the world that we do (putchner345). If God has placed us in this high position then shouldn’t we be perfe ct, but he describes free will by saying that â€Å"man’s as perfect as he ought† and that we are as good as we let ourselves be (putchner346). The Essay on Man discusses fate and why we do not know our own fate or more then the very page that we are on in life. If â€Å"had he thy reason, would he skip and play† (putchner346) and continue to live our lives if we knew how it would all end. He gives the answer that hope of the unknown is what keeps man going. He examines the Indian people, a prime example of living in the unknown; for they had no sciences to let them see the planets and the universe but still remained to have God in their culture. He said they have a â€Å"humbler heaven† before the Europeans came to conquer their land and torment them for their gold (putchner347). Pope describes to the reader that pride is our error and we blame God for everything when we are not happy. Our pride gives us the right to think that earth is for our own use. He explains â€Å"why has not man a microscopic eye†, his response is simple â€Å"that man is not a fly† (putchner347). Pope wants the reader to see that God has made us the way we are and we are not meant to see that far; that we are meant to inspect the earth not to understand the heavens. He ends his essay by saying that â€Å"all partial evil [is] universal good† and that â€Å"whatever is, is right† (putchner351). This very statement was examined greatly by Voltaire’s work Candide and has been examined by many philosophers and thinkers even to this very present day. The Rape of the Lock is another story written by Pope in which he also uses poetry to reach the reader but in my case went over my head. He illustrates a beautiful story of a girl named Belinda that his great at playing cards and wins the heart of every man and Sylph she comes across. The Sylphs follow Belinda throughout her entire day and Pope begins to show how man has no control over anything that happens; whether that may be the folding of her sleeves or the safety of Belinda. Pope may be continuing his theory that man has his own fate but that he cannot know it and certain Powers that are out of our understand control our day to day life. That this is the way things are and it is in our best ability to be happy with the life we are given. Even the fair Belinda blessed with all the beauty in the world is not spared by fates hand. The loss of her strand of hair in the end may resemble the loss of virtue and her pride for even the perfect can be brought down. Works Cited Puchner, Martin, Suzanne Akbari, Wiebke Denecke, Vinay Dharwadke, and Barbara Fuchs. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 3rd ed. Vol. D. New York, London: W. W. Norton Company, 2012. 269-413. Print.

Understanding The Sociological Analysis Of Divorce Sociology Essay

Understanding The Sociological Analysis Of Divorce Sociology Essay Divorce is considered a major social problem in the United States of America (USA). Divorce impacts the lives of many people outside of the divorcing family including many aspects of society. Divorce is playing an active role in reshaping the culture of the USA by changing the definition of the family (Schaefer, 2008). Because divorce is a problem in the eyes of Americans it merits sociological analysis using the Sociological Imagination and the three sociological perspectives: Functionalism, Conflict Theory and Interactionism. The definition and concepts of Sociological Imagination will be outlined first. The social issue of divorce will be viewed from this set of concepts to see how divorce affects individuals and society as a group. A description of the major ideas and concepts in each of the three major sociological perspectives will be followed by an analysis of divorce by each perspective. Using each of the perspectives will uncover useful insights and information concerning th is issue. Finally, concluding ideas will be presented and supported. To be able to see the interaction between the person and their community, for example, is crucial to developing a Sociological Imagination. However, Sociological Imagination is much more complex than Mills definition. When a sociologist uses his or her Sociological Imagination it is the imagination part that is most interesting and enlightening. For example, you walk into a room filled with people talking and engaging in normal social behavior. Without intending to you begin to observe those people and their actions in a very biased way. You bring cultural, gender and economic biases with you as a normal part of your consciousness. Observing objectively, thus scientifically, would be out of the question in this situation. Now, imagine you are an alien observing the same group of people interacting in the room. Because you are not a human you do not have human biases such as viewing a male doing the dishes with disdain. It is easy for the alien observer to truly see interactions in a scientific manner. The alien observer would not think that any action or behavior is unusual or wrong, the action or behavior simply is. Sociological Imagination is an amazing way of observing human social behavior and human groups because it encourages the observer to see objectively and then ask the most important question in sociology: why? Divorce must be considered using microsociology and macrosociology when using the Sociological Imagination. Divorce affects the family, a microsociological group, immediately and sometimes drastically. Divorce affects the entire country, a macrosociological group, sometimes long after the divorce and in many small ways that add up to bigger problems. It can be argued that divorce is only a personal problem. Take, for example, a young married woman without children. Divorce would impact her economic status and economic future. For a young woman going through a divorce negatively affects her ability to provide basic housing and nourishment needed to be a productive citizen. She might even need to file bankruptcy to be able to move on with her life in a meaningful way. This can be seen as only her problem. She will have to deal with bad credit scores for years to come and may have to take lower paying jobs or live in undesirable apartments as a result. She may become depressed and perform poorly at her job as well. These personal hardships carry over into her family and workplace groups quickly and with detrimental effects. However, using the Sociological Imagination provides insight into how divorce influences much more than her and her family. Divorce impacts the society she lives in several ways. The bankruptcy she filed would negatively affect the already unhealthy economy. Because of her low credit scores she might not be able to earn as much as she is actually capable of thus, she will spend less on essentials than she might otherwise. As she is pushed deeper into a lower socioeconomic status her spending will also fall which slows economic growth. Because she has become poor she probably cannot afford private healthcare, so she relies on public healthcare to provide her with medication to combat her depression. Her divorce had become a public problem. The Sociological Imagination encourages observations such as this to better understand the implications of personal issues on a societal scale. There is another way to look at the young divorcees personal problem when using the Sociological Imagination from a macrosociological view point. It can be argued that her divorce is rooted in a deeper social issue within the culture that she lives. For example, the social issue of poverty could have caused her divorce. Many marriages end because of financial hardships. If the divorcee and her then spouse were living on wages that placed them under the poverty level the stresses of providing adequate housing and nourishment would have been great. There are many other social issues that could contribute negatively to a marriage such as domestic violence causing divorce to occur. The Functionalism perspective in sociology states that society is structured the way it is in order to maintain its stability thus, its survival (Schaefer, 2008). The key concepts are balance, harmony and evolutionary, not revolutionary, change within the current scheme. The way the society functions now is the way it should be because everything serves a purpose. This perspective sees society as a complex system that promotes stability by guiding individuals with a social structure that provides certain social functions. Anything that disrupts the current social structure or functions is seen as dysfunction. If some part of a society does not contribute to the current architecture of stability it will not remain. Manifest and latent functions of institutions are of particular interest to this perspective because they illuminate facets of societys structure. The Functionalism perspective overlaps with conservative political views and deals with macrosociological groups such as an ent ire country. Conflict Theory is a perspective that views society as groups that are struggling over power or resources (Schaefer, 2008). The key concepts are tension, inequality and revolutionary change. Society is the way it is because of inequality, and this inequality should be actively opposed. This perspective views society as an arena of disparity that generates conflict and change. Change is seen as a positive force for a society. Conflict theorists are interested in why some people have so many resources while others have so few and how this is either being maintained or changed. The Feminist view is closely related to the Conflict perspective because both deal with inequality (Schaefer, 2008). Feminist view looks at disparity between the genders in terms of womens lower statuses in most societies. It asserts that gender inequity is the force that is at the center of behavior and the status quo. Both the Feminist view and the Conflict perspective overlap with liberal political views and f ocus on macrosociological groups such as American women. The Interactionist perspective, also known as symbolic Interactionism, generalizes about individual social interactions as a way to see society as a whole (Schaefer, 2008). The key concepts are interactions, relations and symbolic meanings. This perspective views society as a product of everyday interactions. Humans are viewed as living in a world of meaningful objects with an emphasis on the importance of symbols. This perspective is closely related to social psychology. The dramaturgical approach and nonverbal communication are of particular interest to this perspective because they help to clarify how personal interactions are accomplished. The Interactionist perspective overlaps with libertarian political views and deals with microsociology such as a symbolic exchange between coworkers. Divorce when viewed from the Functionalism perspective contributes to the stability of the society as a whole. Fewer divorces would actually be dysfunctional because divorce serves a purpose. For example, as a result of divorce many lawyers, judges and court officials are employed. The public system of healthcare employs doctors, nurses and social workers that treat and care for the poorer people in society including those that have lost so much because of divorce. Without the current rates of divorce many people would be unemployed. Unemployment would destabilize societal structure therefore divorce rates must remain where they are to ensure survival of the social scheme. The status quo must remain in place. Divorce when viewed from the Conflict perspective must be analyzed as a microcosm of society. Conflict theorists would describe the divorce as the competition for resources and power within the marriage where both parties cannot come to an agreement. The struggle over resources generates tension that results in a change in the marital status. Looking at divorce from the Feminist view can be seen as conflict between a woman that is addressing the inequality stemming from her gender role and a man that does not want to relinquish power or resources to her. For example, she may have wanted her own checking account with private access to funds while her husband saw this as an unacceptable amount of power for her to have. The resulting tension caused a revolutionary change in their social structure. Divorce is seen in this light as a positive force because it is changing an inequality. Divorce when viewed from the Interactionist perspective examines the choices that each individual has made, the interactions between husband and wife, and the symbolic meaning of marriage and divorce. Nothing is right or wrong is it simply a way of looking at society from a very small scale while determining how these interactions shape the larger group. A symbolic Interactionist would ask the divorcee what she thought about the meaning of marriage and divorce. Her information taken with thousands of other interviews would form a picture of the current meaning of divorce. For example, the institution of marriage as a symbolic contract between a pair of people and the community has changed. Marriage was at once a status symbol and rite of passage. It used to mean you were on the right track in life and providing stability to your community. Conversely, divorce was seen as a great shame and something to be hidden if at all possible. Today multiple divorces are not uncommon. The stigma attached with divorce has declined just as the necessity of marriage has declined. Using the Interactionist perspective uncovers the changing meaning of divorce as a symbol in society. Of the three sociological perspectives the Conflict perspective and Feminist view offers a more convincing and applicable view of divorce. It answers why divorce happens in the most logical way. Americans are the most self-centered and arrogant people in the world. American culture upholds money, beauty and power as the most important goals one should work towards attaining in life. These values do not promote long term relationships. They promote conflict. For example, tensions arise in a marriage because of the struggle over money, property and power in a relationship. When one person in the marriage becomes unable to handle the disproportion of resources a disagreement occurs. Womens historical gender roles are still in effect. Because women are still expected to manage a household while working a full time job frustrations arise. These issues as well as countless others contribute to the current divorce rates. The Feminist view supports this idea by saying that the center of the problem is gender inequality while examining the ways in which it is still occurring. Conflict perspective explains how these problems arise and how they cause divorce by uncovering the perceptions, attitudes and values within the culture that give rise to the conflict.

Essays --

How do life threatening illnesses affect children and their families? All children will likely have many different health problems during infancy and childhood, but for most children these problems are mild, they come and go, and they do not interfere with their daily life and development. For some children, however, chronic health conditions affect everyday life throughout childhood. Even though these are very different illnesses, kids and families dealing with any chronic condition have a lot in common. Learning to live with a chronic condition can be very challenging for a child, for parents, and for siblings and friends. I know that children with these types of illnesses struggle in school and with life. Not only is it hard enough for them to get through school but sometimes the schools don’t corporate by not following their 504 plans. Children have to travel thousands of miles to see a doctor for something that isn’t curable but with the help and dedication of the doctors they are able to use experimental treatments hoping to prolong their life. Ten years ago they had one experimental treatment for pulmonary hypertension and within ten years they were able to develop two more. Some days the kids are so sick they can’t even get out of bed. When my sister was in seventh grade she missed more than fifty days of school. Their medicine is always changing and nothing in their life is ever stable. Children with chronic illnesses are more likely to experience frequent doctor and hospital visits. Some of their treatments may be scary or painful. Hospital stays can be frightening and lonely. Children with chronic illnesses will feel "different" than other children. Their activities may be limited, and, in many cases, their families m... ...erything is spinning wildly out of control. There are new medical terms to learn, and new procedures and routines to master. You want to provide the person with every opportunity for survival without making any mistakes. Life as you know it is put on hold and you rely on adrenalin to get you through the initial crisis. Perhaps the hardest thing to deal with is the overwhelming unfairness of the situation. "This shouldn't happen to kids-especially my family!" But it has and as the reality of the situation sets in, your focus will need to change from the immediate to the long term. You will need to carefully evaluate your lifestyle and be willing to adjust it to your new reality. The circumstances that clamor loudest for your attention may not always be the most important ones to concentrate your limited resources on and you will need to make the most of everyday.

Doing Business in China :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Doing Business in China How to do Business in China Overview: China remains an untapped market with great growth potential for companies seeking to do business in there. Be aware that the Chinese community is weary of companies entering the country because they believe that most companies are there to make a fast dollar. However, if a western company follows a few simple rules and adheres to some cultural outlines, success in China can be achieved. Culture: Building relationships are crucial in China. Also known as guanxi. It would be helpful to build a few relationships with companies prior to even suggesting that you want to operate in China. A person known to both parties should arrange introductions to a Chinese company. Chinese business people are unlikely to meet with strangers. Westerners will find that production, distribution, and advertising of a product or solution flows easiest once crucial relationships have been built. A large amount of business is conducted at after hour’s entertainment gatherings. Do not hesitate to bring small gifts as mementos of your visit. Learn the language. Although the country has many dialects, Mandarin is the official language of China. Lastly, do not be rigid in your ways. Deals are often delayed in China. Learn to be flexible. Meetings: The first rule of a business meeting in China is to be punctual. If a meeting is set for 8am, then be there at or before 8am. It is customary for the senior member of a group to enter a meeting room first. This member also guides discussion during the meeting. Government: Never underestimate the power of the Chinese government in business. Remember, the communist party is still the biggest company is China. Remember that a network of business executives in China extends not only throughout the corporate world, but also throughout the government bureaucracy. Many Hong Kong entrepreneurs will freely admit that it's important to grease the wheels of government bureaucracy with well-placed gifts and personal relationships with those in power. Proceed with extreme caution when it comes to gifts.

The P-51 Mustang: The Best Fighter Ever Essay -- plane, D model, aircra

The P-51 Mustang: The Best Fighter Ever The P-51 Mustang is regarded by many sources as the greatest fighter plane ever created. With the technological advancements this plane achieved, to it’s service record, to it’s importance in winning World War Two, the Mustang is truly one of the greats. The Mustang played a key role in long range bomber support and saved countless bomber crew’s lives, and pilots loved to fly it. The P-51 had the most aerial victories of any American fighter in World War Two and it was flown by some of America’s top aces. The P-51 was a beast of a fighter plane The most recognizable of the Mustangs was the D model. This is the model with the famous â€Å"bubble† canopy. It had a V12 Packard Merlin-built Rolls Royce model V-1650 engine that generated over 1,650 horsepower. The engine along with a sleek aerodynamic body, and laminar flow wings (which produce less drag than conventional wings because of their shape), gave the Mustang a top speed of about 440 miles per hour, making it one of the fastest fighter aircraft in World War Two. The laminar flow wing along with external fuel tanks gave it a range of over 1,000 miles making it the only fighter capable of escorting bombers for their entire mission. It was a very agile and maneuverable aircraft and could do moves most planes could only dream about. It had a wingspan of 37 ft., was 32 ft. 3 in. long, 13 ft. 8 in. tall, and fully loaded could weigh up to 12,100 lbs.It was armed with six Browning .50 caliber machine guns, and could carry six five inch rockets, or up to two thousand pounds of bombs on the underwing racks. The P-51 was also one of the first aircraft to have an electric gyro gun sight; its sight was designated the K14. The sight could calculate ... ...p against any other fighter out there. The P-51 Mustang truly is the greatest fighter aircraft in history. WORK CITED 1. Sherman, Stephen E. "Aces of the Eighth Air Force in World War Two." US 8th Air Force Aces, Mustang and Thunderbolt Fighter Pilots in WW2. Acepilots.com, June 1999. Web. 05 May 2014. "North American P-51D Mustang." Factsheets : North American P-51D Mustang. The Official Web Site of National Museum of the USAF, 2 Apr. 2011. Web. 05 May 2014. Jackson, David D. "Warbirds and Airshows- WWII US Aircraft Victories."Warbirds and Airshows- WWII US Aircraft Victories. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2014. . Clarke, R. Wallace. British Aircraft Armament. Vol. 2. Sparkford: Stephens, 1994. Print.

Apush Supplemental Reading Notes- Early Settlements

APUSH SUPPLEMENTAL READING NOTES Early Settlements by James Horn |Please answer each question thoroughly and completely. If you have treated this assignment lightly, you will | |be at a disadvantage in writing essays that call for â€Å"substantial and appropriate outside information. † Read Early Settlements | |(http://www. gilderlehrman. org/history-by-era/early-settlements/essays/early-settlements ) by James Horn and complete the prompts below. |In two or three well thought out sentences, summarize the major point of this reading. (Please be thorough. This will be very important to| |you late in the year when reviewing for the AP test) In this reading, the author wrote about the early English settlers of | |the New World.He opens with a quote from a passage from the 16th century that speaks about the colonies in the new world, and how England| |should get involved and start to colonize as well. The author then goes into detail on the establishing of the 13 colonies of England in | |the New World and later on, the lifestyle in terms of immigrants, diversity, and population. The article ends talking about the expansion | |from the original 13 colonies to what would make Britain known as â€Å"the acknowledged master of North America†. |In a couple of sentences, what was the bias of the author? From what perspective does the author write–political, social, and economic? | |Why is this significant in the document you have read? Related article: Apush Taxation Without Representation DbqWhile most essays and articles seem to have some form of bias, I do not| |pick up in any way a sense of this at any time in the reading. He conveys his message of England’s rise to dominance of North America, | |maybe slightly hinting at bias in that sense, but nonetheless, in a writing style hat displays facts one by one, and gets straight to the| |point. This style of writing is clearly significant in the document simply because it is an easy way to limit bias, and shorten the | |article, therefore making it more reader-friendly for some- if not most readers. | Continued on the next page |Different from the â€Å"what is the main point† question above, list several things that you learned from this reading, things that you did | |not know before doing this reading. |Treaty of Utrecht (1713) gave Britain control of the areas of Hudson Bay, Acadia (Nova Scotia), and Newfoundland | |Spanish were involved in the Fr ench and Indian War | |The British 13 colonies grew in population (nearly 5 times size) over 60 years | |Surges into the backcountry (west of Appalachian) began so early (early 18th mainly) | |Black populations grew even more rapidly from about 20,000 in 1700 to 326,000 by 1760 | |Rice became the third great staple of Britain’s transatlantic commerce, alongside West Indian sugar and Chesapeake tobacco | |5,000 Algonquians who lived along the coastal plain of Virginia when the English first arrived, only about 1,000 remained by 1700 The purpose of this assignment is to help you be prepared to refer to historians or historically significant individuals in your AP test essays.In the space below, write down quotes from the document that you think might be useful. Try to be selective–choose those that are| |genuinely typical of the writer’s thinking or that highlight a major point in the writer's thinking or argument. Include page numbers so | |that you can find them again when we review. | |â€Å"English indentured ervants, Ulster Irish, Catholic Irish, Scots, French Huguenots, and tens of thousands of Germans from the Rhineland and Swiss cantons moved into the coastal plain; flocked to the burgeoning port cities of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia; trekked along fertile river valleys into the interior; and pressed on toward the Appalachian Mountains† â€Å"Together, Virginia, Maryland, and the Lower South accounted for fully 87 percent of all Africans and African Americans living in the | |mainland colonies in 1760† â€Å"The turn of the century witnessed a new direction in English colonizing activities. Peace with Spain in 1604 brought an end to | |privateering, plunder, and the need for a North American base from which to attack Spanish shipping† | | | |â€Å"Jamestown, founded on May 14, 1607, barely survived its first five years.A combination of disease, Indian attacks, faction, and the | |failure to make any signi ficant discoveries or profit brought the colony to the edge of collapse on several occasions and discouraged | |continuing investment. The discovery of a lucrative cash crop, tobacco, which could be cultivated extensively in Virginia and brought a | |handsome return in England, saved the colony but not the Virginia Company, whose exclusive charter was revoked in 1624. SOURCE: http://www. murrayschools. org/MHS/apus/ 10. 1. 2007

Limited Household Participation in the Stock Market Phenomenon Analysis

LIMITED HOUSEHOLD friendship IN THE STOCK MARKET PHENOMENON epitome TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION3 2. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE mental strain wieldingss DECISION OF HOUSEHOLDS4 2. 1. Wealth4 2. 2. experience quotient (IQ) and cognitive skills4 2. 3. study4 2. 4. plain4 2. 5. reading availability and ease to commerce6 2. 6. grocery store verify6 2. 7. Age7 2. 8. marital perspective7 2. 9. Sociability ( affable inter operationion)8 2. 10. Personal ready9 2. 11. breeding rapture9 2. 12. wellness10 2. 3. guess curse10 3. CONCLUSIONS12 4. REFERENCES13 1. INTRODUCTION in that location ar a plug of enquiryes made to couchigate the reasons wherefore domiciles fight in the memory grocery store is relatively low. agree to the numbers, just 21% of EU firms move in sourceholding ( europiuman look of Consumer Finances, 2009). This looks unreasoning because the studyity of the conjunction members do non capture their fortuity to win superfluous benefits from their wealth in the burgeon forth grocery store.The purpose of this exploratory interrogation is to provide worldwide insights fewwhat sure status of houses course merchandise familiarity and explain the variables that comport proceedss on var.holding stopping mind by plates. Currently, the kinspersons coronation direct sight be do by as grocery store inefficiency overdue to irrational or unconscious dwellings port. However, in that location is a number of external positionors that warp the termination do in this field too.The statistics from variuos countries necessitate differences even off among highly developed countries with akin GDP per capita like Italy with 14% and UK with 26% rest homes descentholding aim (European Survey of Consumer Finances, 2009). This style that there ar externalities that clue to much(prenominal) differences and non just irrational kinfolks behavior instruct the piazza. To draw the full picture, this research focuses on some(prenominal) roles of factors interior and external. The pursuit chapters include short analysis of the briny factors that authorise adjoin on kinsfolk carnationholdings decisiveness and the summary. . FACTORS THAT DETERMINE stockholdings DECISION OF HOUSEHOLDS 2. 1. Wealth Wealth refers to amass tangible and intangible summations. It is obvious that for stock identifying rest homes need to expect slightly tangible assets to buy stocks. therefrom, wealth is atomic number 53 of the main factors that determine whether a folk can actuall(a)y invest, or in separate words, convert savings to investing. gibe to the survey, 31% of respondents in EU ground that they have some savings merely do non participate in whatsoever kind of investing (European Survey of Consumer Finances, 2009).Households starting to invest face a number of be such(prenominal) as time spent to understand the stock foodstuff system, get familiar with grocerys si tuation and trading flow. It whitethorn seem that the intimacy absorb does non cost anything tho there atomic number 18 opportunity be when it comes to time. Other than that, there atomic number 18 as well some direct tangible cost like transaction costs, taxes and other fees for the broker years. Of story for wealthier households this kind of barriers be little relevant, however, myopicer households capability be considering if potential benefits extinctweigh the costs. . 2. Intelligence quotient (IQ) and cognitive skills IQ is probably the intimately jet measure to assess pitying password. on that point is no doubt that in force(p) stockholding requires appropriate exact aim of intelligence to make ethical investing decisions. fit to recent researches, there is a cor coitus coefficient between IQ and conjunction in stock securities industry (IQ and gestate food market federation, 2011). Households heads with higher IQ tend to diversify, hold mutual f unds, some(prenominal) stocks and at long last inha fight turn a delegacy jeopardizes with higher returns.In addition to IQ, it is damage to mention cognitive skills that have joltion on meshing and prosperouslness of stockholding. Good cognitive skills lead to lower time costs for getting knowledge and higher cognizance that atomic number 18 so crucial for investing. 2. 3. Education In general, education provides a lot of advantages for societies and its members. Self organic evolution is crucial to gain cognitive skills, general knowledge, summation aw arness and gain variuos experiences. These ar the traits necessary for successful exponentiation in stock foodstuffs.It is proven that education has positive correlation with households stockholding participation. more specifically, even one additional year of schooling increases the adventure of participation by 7% 8% ( var. market participation and household characteristics in Europe, 2010). Moreover, decisio ns making of educated households heads argon to a capitaler extent rational. 2. 4. Country As it is mentioned in the introduction, contrasting countries have created diametric environments for stock markets and, therefore, this is one much factor that can influence households stockholding decision.More specifically, organization activitys can influence investing mood by adjusting such variables as taxes, laws, infrastructure, education, general spheres constancy and even much. The Figure 1 below re evinces country specific percentage of households having direct and validating stockholdings between 2006 and 2007 ( source market participation and household characteristics in Europe, 2010). Figure 1. inventorying market participation and household characteristics in Europe, 2010. In commit to improve the opportunities for households to participate in tock markets, while at the aforementioned(prenominal) time to make it easier to enter the preceding(prenominal) markets to new entrants, and to improve the conditions of participation for quick participants, and finally to ensure the stability of monetary markets, government very much takes appropriate actions, whose has a relatively high concern on the further development of stock markets. governmental relation must ensure the macroeconomic stability of monetary markets, while at the alike(p) time they must ensure the introduction of an open providence.A theory of an open economy is very fundamental on the development of stock markets, because only in this berth great deal and companies can freely trade in goods and services with other muckle and businesses, so that has a major reach on the g actors lineth of fiscal markets. other neccessary condition for the success of any stock market is its repayment of stock dividends last before making any type of enthronement it must be ensured that stockholders go away be allowed to get their dividends at a pre-determined time and at a pr e-determined amounts.Talking ab knocked out(p) ensuring the sportsmanlike trading process, European wedding in 2004 released the EUs marketplaces in financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) (this guiding was implemented three years later, in 2007), in revise to open the door to the humankind of new trading programmes directly operated by intermediaries, and in 2008, nine major investment banks (BNP Paribas, Citi, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Societe Generale and UBS) has launched new pan-European equities trading platform (based in London) called Project Turquoise.Has this directive had an cushion on stock markets? Yes. The event of this directive led European core to increase competition and consumer comfortion in investment services. In assign to have it away this section intimately relevant government efforts, we must conclude that the relevant government actions very has a evidentiary upshot on the ripening of stoc k (and bond) markets, promotes fair trade among all countries included in the process of buying / selling stocks, and eventually influences countrys economic take aim to ncrease. But be these actions sufficient enough in order to ensure the increase of the inter-group communication of households in the stock markets in the future? 2. 5. learning availability and ease to trade Technologies and their development have huge clashing on every twenty-four hours households life. Although nowadays the majority of flush(p) households have ability to use the Internet, devil decades earlier this was different and households participation in stock market rate was different too.The research of impact of the Internet to stock market participation reveals that there be strong evidences that the Internet penetration contri entirelyed to increase amount of households participating in stock market (Stock Market enfolding and the Internet, 2008). According to the homogeneous research, the usage of the Internet increases the possibility to have stocks by 7%. This is loosely because of ease of stock trading (online trading), lower transaction costs and lower development costs. 2. 6. Market trustTrust is chief(prenominal) factor for households decision to invest in stock market. Financial markets involve much peril and uncertainty. To tell the truth, the majority of households whose invest in stocks dont fully understand how the capital of the United States markets actually function. there needs to be some faith and certainty in this process. If it is known that a certain item-by-item or a order is treacherous and untrust expensey, you, simply, dont want to have any kind of business and common interests with them. The same is with households.In deciding whether to buy stocks, investors takes into cypher the pretend of creation cheated, so those households, whose largely are more than trust, are in like manner more plausibly to invest in the fiscal mark ets, and those who are less trusting are less likely to invest in the market. Collapses of financial markets and its key participants soul companies (when fraud was initiated and tolerated by heads of major companies) non only lowers the distri just nowion of expected payoffs, further at the same time reduces the trustfulness in the system, which generates these enefits. A great meter company Enron. Enron was one of the biggest U. S. energy companies, however, when it was revealed practically of obscure in accounting procedures (it can be considered as a fraud), performed in 1990 on both Enron and its partner, accounting company Arthur Andersen, there was a bankruptcy initiated on Enron it was the largest bankruptcy in U. S. history. Share price fell from $ 90 to a hardly a(prenominal) cents, and since those contributions was considered to be very reliable, this bankruptcy was considered as disaster in the financial world.Companys shareholders lost nearly $11 billion. What do you think, what impact do these examples of companies breakdowns have on the growth in confidence in financial markets? 2. 7. Age other arouse fact in observing extra household stock market participation phenomenon age. One of the factors that influence households decisions or so stockholdings is the ages instal on jeopardy allowance account. There was a research done, in order to identify the danger tolerance take within specified age groups, and it showed that the danger tolerance decreases within the age.According to a research done by Rui Yao, Michael S. Gutter, and Sherman D. Hanna, where they examine the movement of race and ethnicity on subjective financial insecurity tolerance, measuring age as a continuous variable, assemble out that each year increase in age decreased a opportunity of taking any type of take chances by al some 2 %. Another factor, having significant impact on household investment decisions according to its age, is income.As this f actor was discussed at one of the beginning pages of this research paper, it is worth(predicate) to remind that different age groups receives different amounts of wages, what has an impact on their ability to act and to invest in financial markets. Finally, it is an kindle fact that inter private trust (trust is our antecedently described factor due to restrict household participation in stock market, but this time this factor is viewed from a slightly different perspective) is more important for stock market participation decision within younger age groups and political orientation within older age groups. . 8. Marital status Its not a secret that marital status is some other important factor, which has a significant impact on households decisions whether to participate in the stock market or not. Married people are more allowing to take (and share with each other) a certain level of lay on the line than those, whose are living alone, and those, whose are living together, but are not married at all. There was a research done in order to identify the effects of marriage and split on financial investments.According to this research, women are more likely to invest in the stock market by and by their marriage, and take rear their investment after divorce, while at the same time men shows kinda different patterns on investment decisions. This suggests that the young-bearing(prenominal) gender is more risk loath than men (risk averse is similarly identify as one of the factors that has an impact on households investment decisions in the stock market), but in legal injury of couples who are married, a degree of risk more or less every bit distributes among themselves.It is worth to mention that marriage increases the likelihood of future investments in the financial markets for both men and women. There are stacks of household finance literature ready(prenominal) both online and in libraries, where it is often highlighted the differences in men an d women behaviors while investing (marital status, as one of the factors having impact on households decision whether to participate in stock market or not, can be give outd in a modest bit different way.Thats true by gender and by risk level each gender has possibility to take on themselves). According to the literature, the differences on investment preferences between men and women are more exposed, when individuals rather than married couples are being analyzed, because as it was mentioned earlier, married investors takes more risk than single investors. A distribution in risk by gender, talking in terms of marital status, is not the only reason for limited household participation in stock market. There an be distinguished several(prenominal) different factors, due to marital status its changes in household risk preferences, changes in scene risks, and, also, changes in economic resources. 2. 9. Sociability (social interaction) Is it not true that working with a good compa ny of friends involves more fun and at the same time the overall productiveness increases? At the same time, dont you feel safer when you purchase a good, that was tried by people living in your environment, and it was recommended as a reliable and reclaimable good?Another example would be a participation in any social program, where there previously participated, for example, your neighbours or friends your decision-making process is very strongly influenced by the people of your environment, and here takes vex the alleged(prenominal) phenomenon of word-of-mouth discourse. All these examples perfectly suites to peg down one more factor, which explains limited household participation in stock market phenomenon it is sociableness, or, in other words, households social interaction.Harvard Business School provides us with an opportunity to observe their findings about sociabilitys impact on stockholding decisions. Firstly, according to a research done, social households those households, that has friendly and warm relations with their neighbours, are more likely to participate in stock markets, than those, whose relations with their neighbours are ruined or there arent any neighbours in their environment. Secondly, as the proof of the commencement ceremony claim about sociability, researchers indicates that the impact of sociability is much more higher in those states with higher stock market participation rates.Quite unexpected, right? Finally, they entrap out that differential between social and non-social households appears to have widened since 1990s. We often encounter with word-of-mouth communications impact in our everydays life, but when you are hard to assess sociabilitys influence on household decisions whether to participate on stock markets or not, you then realize the true power of a word. word-of-mouth information sharing is key point in understanding sociability as another factor of limited household stockholding decisions, so we stat e that theres a significant impact of social interaction on such like household decisions. 2. 10. Personal set This research is gradually beginning to analyze not only the superficial factors, that affects household decisions related to stock market participation, but it also tries to look a picayune bit deeper into ad hominem characteristics of an investor. One of the most important internal factor, having a great impact on investors financial decisions, is personal values of an individual.A technical commentary of personal values would be that its the strongest internal provisions, having a large impact on our everyday decisions. Those everyday decisions are breach know as our wasting disease decisions, they are also a major driver of our voting decisions and so on. Compared to other internal factors, such as risk horror or life rapture (those are our next twain internal factors, whose will be discussed a little bit later in this research), studies about personal values a nd its impact on our everydays life are more preferable by directlys researchers.According to their findings, personal values are connected to various demographic variables, i. e. Self-Transcedence and receptiveness to Change are the values that are proven to become more important when the level of education gets higher. It have also been proven that personal values are associated with social involvement, where, according to researchers, social involvement increases with the level of education. Finally, about two thirds of all studies shows that political orientation has strongest association with personal values.As every person has different values, the same is with political orientation as there are many factors affecting citizens lives, such as the income inequality, national security and so on, it is natural, however, that different values are punctuate in different environments. So whats a true effect of personal values on investment decisions? Firstly, people with self-enh ancement values of power and achievement are more likely to invest in stock markets than the others.And secondly, it is notice that personal values have a significant impact on those groups of people and their decisions, where investing in stock markets is relatively rare. 2. 11. Life satisfaction Isnt it true that happier, more affirmative and satisfy with their life people embraces better decisions? What are the differences between pessimistic and plausive people? Optimists are more likely to believe that future economic conditions will improve. On the other hand, it is observed that hopeful people are working long-dated hours, they are more likely to remarry after divorce.So, optimism and life satisfaction are other important factors influencing households economy-related decisions. There was a research by Cambridge universitys researchers done, where they found that optimism is highly correlated with stock ownership. pot with higher levels of life satisfaction lives longe r. Mostly. Therefore they think they are further from retirement, therefore they are act to control financial factors that are known that could affect their lifespan.Its a fact, that people, whose are more satisfied with their life, are working more, they are less pre-disposed towards retirement. What is more, it is more likely that one day theyll create any kind of business, so theyll become self-employed. Finally, optimistic people are more likely to remarry after divorce. All of this suggests that life satisfaction and optimism truly is a critical component of economic-decision making, and that those two factors plays an important role both on household decisions related to stock market participation and economic welfare of stockholders. . 12. Health Health risk is increasingly viewed as an important form of background risk that affects household portfolio decisions. According to households level of wellness (whether its poor or good) theres a possibility to detect whether hous ehold is unstrained to participate on the stock market or not poor wellness is associated with smaller amount of risky assets and greater amount of safe assets. Researchers are trying to evaluate the links between wellness, health risk and portfolio selection.Recently it was observed that it does not depicted object whether households are trying to control their level of income and variety of socio-demographic characteristics, poor health decreases the chance of owning risky assets for example, those households with poor health entails a higher risk of unexpected due medical expenditures, and prefers to own a somatic or government bond instead of holding a stock. Despite the fact that health risk quite often leads to a previously mentioned higher due medical expenditure risk, two possible outcomes can arise from such things.In particular, households may start changing the allocation of their financial resources, that can reduce their exposure to financial risk. On the second case, households can increase their precautionary saving, what reduces their ability to act in stock markets. At this point it is worth to mention that the intervention of government organizations reduces the impact of health risks related to households stockholding decisions. Thats why it is observed that countries without adequate health care laws tends not to invest in risky financial assets, so this suggests an important role of such laws in shaping households portfolio decisions. . 13. gamble execration Finally, last but not least factor, which had a significant role on this entire research. Thats risk aversion. Weve emphasized different levels of risks on our study and their impact on household stockholding decisions, such as health risk or the age effect on risk tolerance. It has became clear that risk aversion reduces the probability of households investments on risky assets. As the standard portfolio theory states, the amount of wealth a person wishes o invest in risky assets, depends directly on his degree of risk aversion, so it is logical to assume that if a person is more risk averse, he will hold safer portfolios. There was a research done several years in a row (from 1998 to 2001), where researchers found out that risk aversion has an effect not only on the structure of portfolio, but it also has an impact on the final decision whether an individual wants to become a stockholder (you should memorialize that previously we had a little word of honor about that entry costs affects individuals stock market participation decisions, too).Finally, talking about risk aversions relation to other factors affecting stockholding decisions, it is found that risk aversion is negatively correlated with wealth. Thats true risk aversion decreases when wealth levels increases, and vice versa. To complete our discussion, another interesting fact it was identified, that women are more risk averse than men, however, differences between genders, tends to be larger in single households (remember what effect on households decisions on stockholding has marital status). 3. CONCLUSIONSIn general, all present researches about the topic agree that household stock market participation shortly is not at the efficient point. There are a lot of composite factors that have impact on household stockholding decision and those have been discussed. However, some researchers observe even more correlations with stockholding decision and such interesting variables as race or living place but due to the limited range of a function of this exploratory research, these interesting factors are not taken into consideration. Needless to say, there are plenty of not mentioned factors that determine the level of stockholding.Of course, the governments are motivated to encourage investment level of households to make stock markets more efficient. There are some great examples how particular countries managed to increase the level of household stockholding over t ime. However, the complexity of the factors that lead to higher efficiency in each country are hard to determine and need further analysis to determine what works for each country particularly. Unfortunately, not all factors can be stabilized by the government. The global financial crisis of 2007-2008 showed that trust crisis in stock markets can not be handled so easily.Therefore, the only way to ensure sustainable stockholding growth is to adjust the system itself and add measures that could protect stockholders and decrease the possibility of such recessions. 4. REFERENCES 1. jam P. Dow, Jr. , Age, investing horizon and asset allocation, 2008 2. George Korniotis, Does Investment Skill lineage due to Cognitive Aging or advance with Experience? , 2007 3. Sule Alan, Entry be and Stock Market Participation oer the Life Cycle, 2006 4. Janus Capital Group, European Survey of Consumer Finances, 2009 5.Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza and Luigi Zingales, Trusting the Stock Market, 2008 6 . Vicki Bogan, Stock Market Participation and the Internet, 2008 7. Mark Grinblatt, Matti Keloharju Juhani Linnainmaa, IQ and Stock Market Participation, 2011 8. Charlotte Christiansen, Juanna Cchroter Joensen, Jesper Rangvid, Are Economists More Likely to Hold Stocks? , 2007 9. Elina Laakso, Stock market participation and household characteristics in Europe, 2010 10. Paul Gerrans, gender Differences in hideaway Savings Decisions 11.Jeffrey R. Brown, Zoran Ivkovic, Paul A. Smith, Scott Weisbenner, Neighbors Mattercausal Community Effects and Stock Market Participation, 2006 12. Dimitris Georgarakos, Giacomo Pasini, Trust, Sociability and Stock Market Participation, 2009 13. Kaustia, M. , Torstila, S. Stock market aversion? Political preferences and stock market participation. , 2010 14. Shawn Cole, Gauri Kartini Shastry, immaterial Money The Effect of Education, Cognitive Ability, and Financial Literacy on Financial Market Participation, 2008 2009 15.George Korniotis, Does Inves tment Skill Decline due to Cognitive Aging or Improve with Experience? , 2007 16. Rosen, H. , Wu, S. , Portfolio choice and health status. diary of Financial Economics, 2004. 17. Edwards R. D. , Health Risk and Portfolio Choice, 2005 18. Christiansen C. , Rangvid J. , Joensen J. S. , The Effects of Marriage and carve up on Financial Investments Learning to admire or Hate Risk? , 2010 19. Christiansen C. , Rangvid J. , Joensen J. S. , fabrication or Fact Systematic Gender Differences in Financial Investments? , 2010 20. Niilo Luotonen, Personal set and Stock Market Participation bear witness from Finnish University Students, 2009 21. Sule Alan, Entry Costs and Stock Market Participation Over the Life Cycle, 2006 22. Yao, R. , Gutter, M. S. , Hanna, S. D. , The financial risk tolerance of Blacks, Hispanics and Whites, 2005 23. Rui Yao, Deanna L. Sharpe, Feifei Wang, Decomposing the age effect on risk tolerance, 2010 24. Tullio Jappelli, Marco Pagano, FINANCIAL MARKET integrati ng UNDER EMU, 2008